Smiles as a Signal of Prosocial Behaviors Toward the Robot in the Therapeutic Setting for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

We explored how robot-assisted therapy based on smile analysis may facilitate the prosocial behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder. Prosocial behaviors, which are actions for the benefit of others, are required to belong to society and increase the quality of life. As smiling is a candidate for predicting prosocial behaviors in robot-assisted therapy, we measured smiles by annotating behaviors that were recorded with video cameras and by classifying facial muscle activities recorded with a wearable device. While interacting with a robot, the participants experienced two situations where participants' prosocial behaviors are expected, which were supporting the robot to walk and helping the robot from falling. We first explored the overall smiles at specific timings and prosocial behaviors. Then, we explored the smiles triggered by a robot and behavior changes before engaging in prosocial behaviors. The results show that the specific timing of smiles and prosocial behaviors increased in the second session of children with autism spectrum disorder. Additionally, a smile was followed by a series of behaviors before prosocial behavior. With a proposed Bayesian model, smiling, or heading predicted prosocial behaviors with higher accuracy compared to other variables. Particularly, voluntary prosocial behaviors were observed after smiling. The findings of this exploratory study imply that smiles might be a signal of prosocial behaviors. We also suggest a probabilistic model for predicting prosocial behaviors based on smile analysis, which could be applied to personalized robot-assisted therapy by controlling a robot's movements to arouse smiles and increase the probability that a child with autism spectrum disorder will engage in prosocial behaviors.

Effect of Mass Drug Administration with a Single Dose of Albendazole on Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura Infection among Schoolchildren in Yangon Region, Myanmar.

Soil-transmitted helminths, including Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, are important intestinal parasites mostly affecting younger people in developing countries. In 2014-2015, we performed mass fecal examinations targeting a total of 2,227 schoolchildren in 3 districts (South Dagon, North Dagon, and Hlaing-thar-yar) of Yangon Region, Myanmar, using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The egg positive children were subjected to a mass drug administration (MDA) using a single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole. The pre-treatment egg positive rate (EPG/person) of A. lumbricoides averaged 17.2% (15,532); it was 25.2% (21,796), 14.2% (11,816), and 12.8% (12,983) in 3 districts, respectively, and that of T. trichiura averaged 19.4% (1,074), and was 24.1% (1,040), 12.3% (852), and 21.2% (1,330) in 3 districts, respectively. Follow-up fecal examinations performed 4 months post-MDA revealed considerable decreases of A. lumbricoides prevalence (EPG/person) to av. 8.3% (12,429), and 13.7% (17,640), 8.0% (7,797), and 4.5% (11,849) in 3 districts, respectively. However, T. trichiura did not show any recognizable decrease in the prevalence (EPG/person) remaining at av. 18.2% (862), and 18.5% (888), 11.5% (812), and 23.3% (887) in 3 districts, respectively. The results demonstrated difficulty in short-term control of T. trichiura by MDA using albendazole and suggested necessity of either a long-term MDA (>10 years) or changing the albendazole regimen into 2~3-day course (total 800 or 1,200 mg), or using an alternative drug/drug combination.

Enhancement of struvite purity by re-dissolution of calcium ions in synthetic wastewaters.

Although it is widely known that the presence of Ca ions inhibits the nucleation and growth of struvite, which consists of NH4(+), PO4(3-), and Mg(2+), there is a lack of knowledge on actual Ca contents in struvite co-precipitates at various N and P concentrations and the corresponding effects on the sizes of the precipitates. Therefore, to address this challenge, this study designed synthetic wastewaters including the variety of N and P concentrations, and conducted batch experimental reactions with each wastewater to investigate Ca precipitation and size distributions of the precipitates. The molar ratio of Mg:P:N was confined to 1:1:7, while the initial Ca(2+) concentrations were chosen to be 30-60 mg/L, which are typical Ca concentrations in real wastewaters. The result of the batch experiments confirmed that the presence of Ca caused smaller solids than struvite as indicated in previous studies, and there was competition between Ca-phosphate and Mg-N- PO4 (struvite) reactions, as expected. At the beginning of the experiment (∼1 min), fast Ca-phosphate precipitation was dominant because free Ca and P ions were quickly removed while Mg and N concentrations gradually reduced. However, as the nucleation and crystal growth processes elapsed, dissolved Mg and N concentrations continuously decreased, but dissolved Ca concentrations could rise again at high N and P concentration conditions. The interesting phenomenon is that such increases of Ca concentrations probably results from the thermodynamic energy differences between struvite and Ca-phosphate formations. A high thermodynamic driving force of struvite precipitation could drive the re-dissolution of Ca-ions from the Ca-phosphate compounds with low saturation states. This result is expected to be applied for increasing the struvite purity by the Ca re-dissolution through the thermodynamic spontaneity without additional energy input.

Effects of electron beam irradiation and temperature on the treatment of swine wastewater using an ion exchange biological reactor.

Swine wastewater was treated using an ion exchange biological reactor (IEBR). Organic matter and nutrient in swine wastewater were pre-treated by electron beam irradiation. The optimal dose for solubilization of organic matter in swine wastewater ranged from 20 kGy to 75 kGy. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids were investigated as proteins and lipids mainly contained the solubilized organic matter. The solubilization of organic matter in swine wastewater was affected by the combination effects of temperature and dose. The maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia removal efficiencies were 74.4% and 76.7% at a dose of 0 kGy under room temperatures (23.0°C). The removal of ammonia was significantly affected by low temperature (15.3°C). On the other hand, the removal of phosphorus was not a function of electron beam irradiation or temperature because struvite is one of the main removal mechanisms under anoxic conditions.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from freshwater aquacultures and prediction of the persistence and toxicity of antimicrobials in the aquatic environment.

The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from freshwater aquaculture effluents was investigated. The bacterial strains were collected from four different freshwater aquaculture effluents (catfish, trout, eel, and loach). Based on sequence of 16S rRNA, a total of 20 bacterial strains was isolated and one half of the isolated bacteria were Aeromonas sp. The antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed using the disc diffusion method. Individual antibiotic-resistant bacteria to antimicrobials were 41.7% and multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria were 58.3%. The disinfection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by electron beam (E-beam) irradiation was carried out using an electron accelerator. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were effectively disinfected by E-beam irradiation. The isolated bacteria were completely disinfected at a dose of less than 2 kGy. The persistence and toxicity of each antimicrobial in the aquatic environment was estimated due to the human health and ecosystems. In order to estimate the persistence and toxicity of antimicrobials in the aquatic environment, two quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models were used. The persistence and toxicity of each antimicrobial were influenced on its hydrophobicity. In addition, QSAR models showed that isoelectric point and hydrogen bonding acceptor are key parameters to estimate the persistence and toxicity of antimicrobials in the aquatic environment.