Eight-week stress management exercise program improves mental health and autonomic nervous system of adults exposed to chronic stress.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated a stress management exercise program's effect on mental health, muscle pain, and autonomic nervous system activity in adults exposed to chronic stress. METHODS: Thirty mothers between 40 to 59 years old raising children with disabilities were equally allocated into the yoga (YG) or control group (CG). The YG participated in 16 prop-assisted yoga sessions twice weekly for eight weeks, focusing on relaxing and strengthening neck, shoulder, back, and waist stress-related muscles. The Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Parenting Stress Scale, Stress Response Inventory, and Brief Resilience Scale assessed mental health variable changes. Visual Analog Scales (VAS) were used to self-report neck, shoulders, back, and waist pain and assess stress, anxiety, relaxation, and confidence. We also measured pain, psychological VAS, and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) immediately before and after each yoga session. RESULTS: The YG exhibited significant reductions in muscle pain, depression, stress response, fatigue, and frustration, whereas the CG expressed no change. Prop-assisted yoga immediately improved pain and psychological VAS. HRV analyses revealed instantly reduced heart rates and an R-R interval and standard deviation normal to normal (SDNN) increase. CONCLUSIONS: Prop-assisted yoga may serve as a viable, safe, and efficient alternative therapeutic modality for managing chronic stress-related conditions.

Neuropsychological Activations and Networks While Performing Visual and Kinesthetic Motor Imagery.

This study aimed to answer the questions 'What are the neural networks and mechanisms involved in visual and kinesthetic motor imagery?', and 'Is part of cognitive processing included during visual and kinesthetic motor imagery?' by investigating the neurophysiological networks and activations during visual and kinesthetic motor imagery using motor imagery tasks (golf putting). The experiment was conducted with 19 healthy adults. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine neural activations and networks during visual and kinesthetic motor imagery using golf putting tasks. The findings of the analysis on cerebral activation patterns based on the two distinct types of motor imagery indicate that the posterior lobe, occipital lobe, and limbic lobe exhibited activation, and the right hemisphere was activated during the process of visual motor imagery. The activation of the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe were observed during the process of kinesthetic motor imagery. This study revealed that visual motor imagery elicited stronger activation in the right frontal lobe, whereas kinesthetic motor imagery resulted in greater activation in the left frontal lobe. It seems that kinesthetic motor imagery activates the primary somatosensory cortex (BA 2), the secondary somatosensory cortex (BA 5 and 7), and the temporal lobe areas and induces human sensibility. The present investigation evinced that the neural network and the regions of the brain that are activated exhibit variability contingent on the category of motor imagery.

A neurophysiological approach to the distinction between motor and cognitive skills: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

This study investigated the neurophysiological differences underpinning motor and cognitive skills by measuring the brain activity via functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-five healthy adults (11 women, 25.8 ± 3.5 years of age) participated in the study. We developed three types of tasks, namely, simple motor task (SMT), complex motor task (CMT), and cognitive task (CT), using two-dimensional images of Gomoku, a traditional game known as five in a row. When shown the stimulus, participants were instructed to identify the best spot to win the game and to perform motor imagery of placing the stone for the SMT and CMT but not for the CT. Accordingly, we found significant activation from the CMT minus SMT contrast in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, precentral gyrus, and superior frontal cortex, which reflected increased visuospatial attention, working memory, and motor planning. From the CT minus SMT contrast, we observed significant activation in the left caudate nucleus, right medial prefrontal cortex, and right primary somatosensory cortex, responsible for visuospatial working memory, error detection, and cognitive imagery, respectively. The present findings indicate that adopting a conventional classification of cognitive and motor tasks focused on the extent of decision making and motor control involved in task performance might not be ideal.

Neuropsychological Evidence Underlying Counterclockwise Bias in Running: Electroencephalography and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Motor Imagery.

We aimed to answer the question "why do people run the track counterclockwise (CCW)?" by investigating the neurophysiological differences in clockwise (CW) versus CCW direction using motor imagery. Three experiments were conducted with healthy adults. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to examine hemispheric asymmetries in the prefrontal, frontal, and central regions during CW and CCW running imagery (n = 40). We also evaluated event-related potential (ERP) N200 and P300 amplitudes and latencies (n = 66) and conducted another experiment using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (n = 30). EEG data indicated greater left frontal cortical activation during CCW imagery, whereas right frontal activation was more dominant during CW imagery. The prefrontal and central asymmetries demonstrated greater left prefrontal activation during both CW and CCW imagery, with CCW rotation exhibiting higher, though statistically insignificant, asymmetry scores than CW rotation. As a result of the fMRI experiment, greater activation was found during CW than during CCW running imagery in the brain regions of the left insula, Brodmann area 18, right caudate nucleus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left superior parietal cortex, and supplementary motor area. In the ERP experiment, no significant differences were found depending on direction. These findings suggest that CCW rotation might be associated with the motivational approach system, behavioral activation, or positive affect. However, CW rotation reflects withdrawal motivation, behavioral inhibition, or negative affect. Furthermore, CW rotation is understood to be associated with neural inefficiency, increased task difficulty, or unfamiliarity.

Psychological skills training impacts autonomic nervous system responses to stress during sport-specific imagery: An exploratory study in junior elite shooters.

This study investigated the effects of psychological skills training (PST) in shooters psychophysiologically using heart rate variability (HRV) in addition to psychological questionnaires and participant interviews. Five junior pistol shooters participated in an 8-week PST program consisting of a group session per week followed by individual counseling. Before and after PST, we collected electrocardiography data during rest, mental imagery of sport-related crisis situations, and successful performance, to analyze differences in HRV indices. Participants also responded to the Psychological Skills Inventory for Archery and Shooting (PSIAS), Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI), Sports Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI). Results showed that the perceived competence (pre: 2.52 ± 0.95, post: 3.36 ± 0.73, p = 0.049) and trait sport confidence (pre: 4.94 ± 1.17, post: 6.60 ± 0.65, p = 0.049) significantly improved after PST. The analysis of HRV indicated that the ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power (LF/HF ratio) decreased significantly during imagery of crisis (pre: 3.4 ± 2.3, post: 1.014 ± 0.71, p = 0.038) and success (pre: 1.933 ± 0.917, post: 0.988 ± 0.572, p = 0.046), reflecting a strengthened autonomic nervous system's responsiveness to stress. Our findings illustrate that PST can help athletes better cope with psychologically disturbed situations during competition, by providing psychophysiological evidence through HRV changes.

Changes in inhibitory control, craving and affect after yoga vs. aerobic exercise among smokers with nicotine dependence.

Objectives: This study investigated the acute effects of yoga and aerobic exercise on response inhibition and the underlying neural mechanisms in individuals with nicotine dependence, along with changes in craving and affect. Materials and methods: Study participants included 30 yoga-naïve adult smokers with moderate-to-high nicotine dependence. Based on a within-subjects design, all participants participated in three experimental sessions: baseline, 30-min yoga, and 30-min aerobic exercise; one session was conducted per day. The pre- and post-exercise Questionnaire of Smoking Urges and the Visual Analogue Scale were used to measure cigarette craving, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule was used to assess affective change. For cognitive measurement of inhibition, participants performed a Go/Nogo task consisting of Smoking-Go, Smoking-Nogo, Neutral-Go, and Neutral-Nogo stimulus conditions. Neuroelectric data were collected and the event-related potential (ERP) N2 and P3 amplitudes and latencies were analyzed. Results: Both yoga and aerobic exercise significantly reduced negative affect, whereas a reduction in craving was only observed after yoga. ERP results indicated that the P3 amplitudes after yoga were lower than those after aerobic exercise, suggesting increased neural efficiency after yoga, with reduced neural activity while maintaining the same level of cognitive performance as aerobic exercise. Conclusion: As yoga and aerobic exercise were equally effective in attenuating negative affect, smokers may expect greater benefits from yoga in craving reduction and inhibitory control with less physical and cognitive effort. We also believe that video-based yoga practice may provide additional benefits to these effects, reaching a large number of smokers in a non-face-to-face manner.