RESUMO
Background: Although CREB phosphorylation is known to be essential in UVB/cAMP-stimulated melanogenesis, CREB null mice did not show identifiable pigmentation phenotypes. Here, we show that CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 3 (CRTC3) quantitatively regulates and orchestrates melanogenesis by directly targeting microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and regulating the expression of most key melanogenesis-related genes. Methods: We analyzed CRTC3-null, KRT14-SCF transgenic, and their crossover mice. The molecular basis of CRTC3 effects on pigmentation was investigated by histology, melanin/tyrosinase assay, immunoblotting, shRNA, promoter assay, qRT-PCR, and subcellular localization. These analyses were carried out in primary cultured melanocytes, mouse cell lines, normal human cells, co-cultures, and ex vivo human skin. CRTC/CREB activity screening was performed to identify candidate agents for the regulation of melanogenesis. Results: The coat and skin color of CRTC3-null mice was paler due to a reduction in melanin deposition. Melanogenesis-related genes were reduced in CRTC3-deficient cultured melanocytes and tail skin of CRTC3-null mice. Notably, basal levels of MITF present in CRTC3-null mice were sufficient for melanocytic differentiation/survival. Thus CRTC3-null mice showed a comparable number of epidermal melanocytes compared to control mice. Stem cell factor (SCF) introduction by crossing with KRT14-SCF mice increased epidermal melanocytes and melanin deposition in control and CRTC3-null mice, but the skin color remained still light on the CRTC3-null background. Furthermore, we identified the therapeutic potential of altiratinib to inhibit melanogenesis in human melanocytes and human skin effectively and safely. Conclusion: CRTC3 appears to be a key sensor for melanogenesis and can be used as a reversible and tunable tool for selectively regulating melanogenesis without affecting melanocyte integrity. Thus, CRTC3 can also serve as a screening tool for the discovery of ideal melanogenesis-modulating small molecules.
Assuntos
Melanoma/genética , Pigmentação da Pele/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Epiderme/metabolismo , Feminino , Expressão Gênica/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Queratina-14/genética , Queratina-14/metabolismo , Masculino , Melaninas/metabolismo , Melanócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Melanócitos/metabolismo , Melanoma/etiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Fator de Transcrição Associado à Microftalmia/genética , Fator de Transcrição Associado à Microftalmia/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Cultura Primária de Células , Pele/metabolismo , Pigmentação da Pele/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
A flexible synthetic strategy for the total syntheses of ningalins D and G is described. The highly effective TMS-OTf/2,6-lutidine-mediated [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of densely loaded dinaphthyl hydrazides and cyclization of the resulting 2,2'-diamino-1,1'-dinaphthyls afforded the key 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole intermediates. Successful conversions to biphenylene quinone methides followed by regioselective brominations completed the total syntheses of the titled marine alkaloids.
