The effects of Korean propolis against foodborne pathogens and transmission electron microscopic examination.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Korean propolis against foodborne pathogens and spores of Bacillus cereus and to investigate the antimicrobial activity against B. cereus structure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial effects of the Korean propolis were tested against foodborne pathogens including Gram-positive (B. cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescence) bacteria by agar diffusion assay. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than were Gram-negative bacteria. The vegetative cells of B. cereus were the most sensitive among the pathogens tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.036 mg/µl of propolis on agar medium. Based on MIC, sensitivity of vegetative cells of B. cereus and its spores was tested in a nutrient broth with different concentrations of propolis at 37°C. In liquid broth, treatment with 1.8 mg/ml propolis showed bactericidal effect against B. cereus. B. cereus vegetative cells exposed to 7.2mg/ml of propolis lost their viability within 20 min. Against spores of B. cereus, propolis inhibited germination of spores up to 30 hours, compared to control at higher concentration than vegetative cells yet acted sporostatically. The bactericidal and sporostatic action of propolis were dependent on the concentration of propolis used and treatment time. Electron microscopic investigation of propolis-treated B. cereus revealed substantial structural damage at the cellular level and irreversible cell membrane rupture at a number of locations with the apparent leakage of intracellular contents. The antimicrobial effect of propolis in this study suggests potential use of propolis in foods.

Gibberellin production and plant growth promotion from pure cultures of Cladosporium sp. MH-6 isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).

Gibberellin (GA) production by soil fungi has received little attention, although substantial work has been carried out on other aspects of plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). In our studies we investigated GA production and growth-promoting capacity of a novel fungal strain isolated from the roots of soil-grown cucumber. Pure cultures of 19 endophytic fungi were tested for shoot length promotion of Waito-C rice to identify the GA production capacity of these fungal isolates. Isolate MH-6 significantly increased shoot length (12.9 cm) of Waito-C, in comparison to control treatments. Bioassay with culture filtrate (CF) of MH-6 also significantly promoted growth attributes of cucumber plants. Analysis of MH-6 CF showed the presence of physiologically active (GA1, 1.97 ng/mL; GA3, 5.18 ng/mL; GA4, 13.35 ng/mL and GA7, 2.4 ng/ mL) in conjunction with physiologically inactive (GA9 [0.69 ng/mL], GA12 [0.24 ng/mL], GA15 [0.68 ng/ mL, GA19 [1.94 ng/mL and GA20 [0.78 ng/mL]) gibberellins. The CF of MH-6 produced greater amounts of GA3, GA4, GA7 and GA19 than wild type Fusarium fujikuroi, a fungus known for high production of GA. The fungal isolate MH-6 was identified as a new strain of Cladosporium sp. on the basis of sequence homology (99%) and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequence.