Optimal Hematoma Volume Cut Points to Predict Functional Outcome After Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Hemorrhages.

BACKGROUND: Basal ganglia hemorrhage (BG-ICH) and thalamic hemorrhage (TH-ICH) have been historically grouped into a single "deep" hemorrhage group in prior studies. We aimed to assess whether BG-ICH and TH-ICH have different optimal hematoma volume cut points in predicting functional outcome. METHODS: Patients with BG-ICH and TH-ICH with no preexisting disabilities who were enrolled in a single-center intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) cohort study were studied. The hematoma volume of patients who achieved modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of ≤2 and ≤3 at 3 months were compared between BG-ICH and TH-ICH groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created to determine the optimal hematoma volume cut points in predicting 3-month mRS of ≤2 and ≤3 for BG-ICH and TH-ICH groups. RESULTS: A total of 135 (81 BG-ICH and 54 TH-ICH) patients were studied. The hematoma volume among those with 3-month mRS ≤ 2 (BG-ICH: 9.5 ± 5.4 cm3 vs. TH-ICH: 5.1 ± 4.9 cm3, p = 0.01) and 3-month mRS ≤ 3 (BG-ICH: 14.2 ± 13.4 cm3 vs. TH-ICH: 4.7 ± 4.1 cm3, p = 0.001) were smaller in TH-ICH than BG-ICH. The area under the ROC curve in predicting mRS ≤ 2 was 0.838 for BG-ICH (optimal hematoma volume cut point: 18.0 cm3, sensitivity 72.1%, specificity 95.0%) and 0.802 for TH-ICH (optimal hematoma volume cut point: 4.6 cm3, sensitivity 83.8%, specificity 70.6%); and in predicting mRS ≤ 3 was 0.826 for BG-ICH (optimal hematoma volume cut point: 28.8 cm3, sensitivity 71.4%, specificity 93.8%) and 0.902 for TH-ICH (optimal hematoma volume cut point: 5.5 cm3, sensitivity 92.9%, specificity 76.9%). CONCLUSION: TH-ICH have smaller optimal hematoma volume cut points than BG-ICH in predicting functional outcome.

Disparities in Functional Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Among Asians and Pacific Islanders.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI) have been inadequately studied. We sought to assess differences in functional outcome between Asians and NHOPI after ICH. METHODS: A multiracial prospective cohort study of ICH patients was conducted from 2011 to 2016 at a tertiary center in Honolulu, HI, USA to assess racial disparities in outcome after ICH. Favorable outcome was defined as 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤2. Patients with no available 3-month functional outcome, race other than Asians and NHOPI, and baseline mRS > 0 were excluded. Multivariable analyses using logistic regression were performed to assess the impact of race on favorable outcome after adjusting for the ICH Score, early do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order and dementia/cognitive impairment. RESULTS: A total of 220 patients (161 Asians, 59 NHOPI) were studied. Overall, 65 (29.5%) achieved favorable outcome at 3 months. NHOPI were younger than Asians (p < 0.0001) and had higher prevalence of diabetes (p = 0.007), obesity (p < 0.0001), and lower prevalence of dementia/cognitive impairment (p = 0.02), early DNR order (p = 0.0004), and advance directive presence (p = 0.0005). NHOPI race was a predictor of favorable outcome in the unadjusted model [odds ratio (OR) 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-4.62] and after adjusting for the ICH Score (OR 2.30, 95% CI: 1.06-4.97) but not in the final model (OR 2.04, 95% CI: 0.94-4.42). In the final model, the ICH Score was the only independent negative predictor of outcome (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.17-0.41 per point). CONCLUSION: NHOPI are more likely to achieve favorable functional outcome after ICH compared with Asians even after controlling for ICH severity. However, this association was attenuated by the DNR and dementia/cognitive impairment status.

Ethnic Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Ischemic Stroke Subtypes Among Young Adult Patients With Stroke in Hawaii.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI) with ischemic stroke have younger age of stroke onset compared with whites. However, ethnic differences in stroke subtypes in this population have been inadequately studied. METHODS: Consecutive young adult patients (aged ≤55 years) who were hospitalized for ischemic stroke between 2006 and 2012 at a tertiary center in Honolulu were studied. Clinical characteristics and stroke subtypes based on pathophysiological TOAST classification (Trial of Org 10172) of NHOPI and Asians were compared with whites. RESULTS: A total of 427 consecutive young adult (mean age, 46.7±7.8 years) patients (NHOPI 45%, Asians 38%, and whites 17%) were studied. NHOPI had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, prosthetic valve, higher body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, and lower high-density lipoprotein than whites (all P<0.05). Stroke subtype distribution was not different between the ethnic groups. Specifically, the prevalence of small-vessel disease was similar between NHOPI (26.6%), whites (28.4%), and Asians (24.8%). In the univariate analyses, the use of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator was lower among NHOPI (4.7%; P=0.01) and Asians (3.1%; P=0.002) than among whites (12.5%). In the multivariable model, NHOPI (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.98) and Asians (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.74) were less likely to be treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator than whites. CONCLUSIONS: NHOPI have greater cardiovascular risk factors than whites, but there were no differences in stroke subtypes between the ethnic groups. Furthermore, NHOPI and Asians may be less likely to be treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator than whites.

Gender Disparities among Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients from a Multi-ethnic Population.

BACKGROUND: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a hemorrhagic stroke with high morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have shown that minorities such as Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI) with ICH are significantly younger compared to whites. However, the interaction of race and gender, and its impact on observed disparities among a multi-ethnic population in Hawai'i, have not been studied. METHODS: Consecutive ICH patients (whites, Asians or NHOPI), who were hospitalized at a single tertiary center on O'ahu between 2006 and 2013 were retrospectively studied. Clinical characteristics were compared between men and women among the entire cohort, and within the major racial groups. RESULTS: A total of 791 patients (NHOPI 19%, Asians 65%, whites 16%) were studied. Overall, men were younger than women (62±16 years vs 67±18 years respectively, P < .0001). Among whites, ages of men and women were similar (men: 67±14 years vs women: 67±17 years, P = .86). However, among Asians, men were significantly younger than women (men: 63±16 years vs women: 70±17 years, P < .0001). Among NHOPI, ages of men and women were similar (men: 53±15 years vs women: 56±17 years, P = .34), although NHOPI group overall had significantly younger age compared to whites and Asians (NHOPI: 54±16 years vs whites: 67±15 years, P < .0001; vs Asians: 66±17, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, men have younger age of ICH presentation than women. However, this observed gender difference was most significant among Asians, but not among whites or NHOPI.