Predictors of relapse in the second follow-up year post cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder / Preditores de recaída no segundo ano após terapia cognitivo-comportamental para pacientes com transtorno de pânico

OBJECTIVE: To investigate predictors of relapse two years after a brief cognitive-behavior group therapy in patients with panic disorder who had failed to respond to pharmacologic treatment. METHOD: A total of 56 patients with panic disorder were followed who had met remission criteria at 1 year evaluation after 12 sessions of cognitive-behavior group therapy. Demographic and clinical features and life stressors were investigated as predictors of relapse. RESULTS: At the 2 year assessment, 39 (70 percent) patients maintained remission status and use of medication was reduced significantly, such that 36 (64 percent) patients were not undergoing any psychiatric treatment. Among all independent variables investigated, only "conflict" as a stressful life event, RR = 3.20 (CI95 percent 1.60; 7.20 - p = 0.001), and the severity or residual anxiety symptoms, RR = 3.60 for each scale point (CI95 percent 1.02; 1.08 - p < 0.001), emerged as nonredundant predictors. CONCLUSION: In spite of the high treatment gains across two years of follow-up, clinicians should pay attention to stress management and to the role of residual symptoms during this period. Results were discussed in the context of treatment cost-efficacy and potential strategies to prolong treatment gains from cognitive-behavior group therapy.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os preditores de recaída após dois anos de terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo breve para pacientes com transtorno do pânico que não responderam ao tratamento farmacológico. MÉTODO: Um total de 56 pacientes com transtorno do pânico que preencheram os critérios de remissão em um ano de avaliação após as 12 sessões da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo foram acompanhados. As características demográficas, clínicas e os estressores de vida foram investigados como preditores de recaída. RESULTADOS: No segundo ano de avaliação, 39 (70 por cento) pacientes mantiveram-se em remissão e o uso de medicação reduziu significativamente, de tal forma que 36 (64 por cento) pacientes não estavam em tratamento psiquiátrico. Entre todas as variáveis independentes investigadas, somente o "conflito" como evento estressor de vida, RR = 3,20 (CI95 por cento 1,60; 7,20 - p = 0,001) e a gravidade ou os sintomas residuais de ansiedade, RR = 3,60 para cada ponto a mais da escala (CI95 por cento 1,02; 1,08 - p < 0,001), foram preditores de recaída. CONCLUSÃO: A despeito dos ganhos do tratamento através dos dois anos, os terapeutas devem manter-se atentos em relação ao manejo do estresse e no papel dos sintomas residuais de ansiedade durante este período. Os resultados são discutidos no contexto de custo-eficácia do tratamento e nas potenciais estratégias para prolongar os ganhos da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo.

Predictors of relapse in the second follow-up year post cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate predictors of relapse two years after a brief cognitive-behavior group therapy in patients with panic disorder who had failed to respond to pharmacologic treatment. METHOD: A total of 56 patients with panic disorder were followed who had met remission criteria at 1 year evaluation after 12 sessions of cognitive-behavior group therapy. Demographic and clinical features and life stressors were investigated as predictors of relapse. RESULTS: At the 2 year assessment, 39 (70%) patients maintained remission status and use of medication was reduced significantly, such that 36 (64%) patients were not undergoing any psychiatric treatment. Among all independent variables investigated, only "conflict" as a stressful life event, RR = 3.20 (CI95% 1.60; 7.20 - p = 0.001), and the severity or residual anxiety symptoms, RR = 3.60 for each scale point (CI95% 1.02; 1.08 - p < 0.001), emerged as nonredundant predictors. CONCLUSION: In spite of the high treatment gains across two years of follow-up, clinicians should pay attention to stress management and to the role of residual symptoms during this period. Results were discussed in the context of treatment cost-efficacy and potential strategies to prolong treatment gains from cognitive-behavior group therapy.

Can psychopharmacological treatment change personality traits in patients with panic disorder? / O tratamento psicofarmacológico pode mudar traços de personalidade em pacientes com transtorno do pânico?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects that a particular psychopharmacological treatment has on personality patterns in patients with panic disorder. METHOD: Forty-seven patients with panic disorder and 40 controls were included in the study. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were used to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnoses and personality traits, respectively. Patients were treated with sertraline for 16 weeks. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the score on 8 of the 10 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales. In addition, neurotic triad and psychasthenia personality scores were higher among panic disorder patients, even during the posttreatment asymptomatic phase, than among controls. CONCLUSION: In the asymptomatic phase of the disease, panic disorder patients present a particular neurotic/anxious personality pattern. This pattern, although altered in the presence of acute symptoms, could be a focus of research.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento psicofarmacológico nos padrões de personalidade em pacientes com transtorno do pânico. MÉTODO: Quarenta e sete pacientes com transtorno do pânico e 40 controles foram incluídos no estudo. O Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview e o Inventário Multifásico Minnesota de Personalidade foram usados para avaliar os diagnósticos do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Doenças Mentais - Quarta Edição e os traços de personalidade, respectivamente. Os pacientes foram tratados com sertralina por 16 semanas. RESULTADOS: Houve uma diminuição significativa nos escores de 8 das 10 escalas do Inventário Multifásico Minnesota de Personalidade. Adicionalmente, os pacientes com transtorno do pânico apresentaram maiores escores de personalidade da tríade neurótica e de psicastenia quando comparados aos controles, mesmo após o tratamento na fase assintomática. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com transtorno do pânico apresentam um padrão de personalidade neurótico/ansioso na fase assintomática da doença que, mesmo que influenciado pela presença de sintomas agudos, pode ser foco de pesquisa.

Can psychopharmacological treatment change personality traits in patients with panic disorder?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects that a particular psychopharmacological treatment has on personality patterns in patients with panic disorder. METHOD: Forty-seven patients with panic disorder and 40 controls were included in the study. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were used to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnoses and personality traits, respectively. Patients were treated with sertraline for 16 weeks. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the score on 8 of the 10 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales. In addition, neurotic triad and psychasthenia personality scores were higher among panic disorder patients, even during the posttreatment asymptomatic phase, than among controls. CONCLUSION: In the asymptomatic phase of the disease, panic disorder patients present a particular neurotic/anxious personality pattern. This pattern, although altered in the presence of acute symptoms, could be a focus of research.

Harm avoidance and self-directedness as essential features of panic disorder patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to compare the personality traits assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) between patients with panic disorder (PD) and a control group in a Brazilian sample. METHODS: One hundred thirty-five patients with PD paired according to sex and age with 135 controls without any psychiatric disorders were assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a structured interview. Temperament and character were assessed with the TCI. RESULTS: Consistently, patients with PD presented higher scores on the harm avoidance (HA) temperament scale (23.20 +/- 5.41 vs 15.21 +/- 4.92; P < .001) and lower scores on the self-directedness (SD) (27.81 +/- 7.25 vs 35.16 +/- 5.47; P < .001) if compared to the control group and has been associated independently from other TCI scales and confounders with PD. The multivariate logistic model containing HA and SD explains 38.6% to 51.4% of the differences between PD and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Harm avoidance could be a good candidate to be heritable because it appears to be a consistent finding across current literature in anxious and depressed patients independent of their cultural context. Also, SD seems to be a key character characteristic of PD patients. The dimensional assessment is an interesting alternative for understanding the relationship between the psychobiologic bases of temperament and character and is highly related to the development of psychiatric syndromes.

Utilização de técnicas da terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo para pacientes com sintomas residuais do transtorno de pânico: seguimento de 2 anos / Cognitive-behavioral group therapy techniques in panic disorder patients with residual symptoms: 2-year follow-up

Objetivo: Avaliar a utilização das técnicas aprendidas durante a terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo (TCCG) para pacientes com transtorno de pânico (TP) que apresentam sintomas residuais em até 2 anos após o término do tratamento. Métodos: Um total de 64 pacientes completou o protocolo de 12 sessões de TCCG, e 62 (97%) foram encontrados para avaliação 2 anos após o término da terapia. As medidas de desfecho foram avaliadas pelos seguintes instrumentos: Impressão Global Clínica (CGI), Inventário de Pânico e Escala Hamilton para Ansiedade. O uso das técnicas foi avaliado através de entrevista semi-estruturada nas avaliações de seguimento, sendo classificadas em: (a) respiração diafragmática; (b) relaxamento muscular; (c) técnica cognitiva; e (d) exposição. Resultados: Considerando os 62 pacientes avaliados no seguimento, 39 (63%) preencheram o critério de remissão (CGI 9 2 e ausência de ataques de pânico) no primeiro ano e 35 (57%) no segundo ano de seguimento. A despeito dos critérios de remissão, um número grande de pacientes (87%) continuava a utilizar as técnicas aprendidas durante a terapia 1 a 2 anos após o término do protocolo. A técnica mais utilizada em ambos os períodos de seguimento foi a respiração diafragmática. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que a TCCG é eficaz para pacientes com sintomas residuais de TP. O uso das técnicas aprendidas durante as 12 sessões foi evidenciado em até 2 anos após o término do tratamento, sugerindo benefícios em longo prazo das habilidades desenvolvidas na TCCG.

Objective: To evaluate the techniques learned by patients with panic disorder (PD) and residual symptoms after cognitivebehavioral group therapy (CBGT) up to a 2-year follow-up. Methods: Sixty-four PD patients were treated with a 12-session CBGT and 62 (97%) were followed for 2 years after the end of the treatment. Outcomes were evaluated by Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Panic Inventory, and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The tools used by patients were assessed through a semi-structured interview and classified as follows: (a) diaphragmatic breathing, (b) muscle relaxation; (c) cognitive technique; and (d) exposure. Results: Of the 62 patients assessed at the follow-up, 39 (63%) met the remission criteria (CGI 9 2 and no panic attacks) in the first year and 35 (57%) in the second year of follow-up. Despite meeting the remission criteria, 87% of patients kept using the tools learned in CBGT up to 2 years after the treatment. Diaphragmatic breathing was the most used technique in both periods. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that CBGT is efficacious for patients with residual symptoms of PD. The techniques learned during the 12 therapy sessions are used by the patients up to 2 years after the treatment, suggesting long-term benefits of the skills learned at CBGT protocols.

Defense mechanisms after brief cognitive-behavior group therapy for panic disorder: one-year follow-up.

Changes in defense mechanisms have been shown in long-term psychodynamic treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the changes that occurred after brief cognitive-behavior group therapy in the defense style of panic disorder patients that had failed to respond to pharmacotherapy. Forty-seven patients participated in the study and severity of panic disorder was evaluated by Clinical Global Impression. Defense mechanisms were evaluated by the Defense Style Questionnaire. Patients decreased the use of maladaptive defenses after cognitive-behavior group therapy, and the change in immature defenses was maintained at 1-year follow-up evaluation (p = 0.022). These modifications were associated with reduction of symptoms (F = 0.359; p = 0.047). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that defense styles are malleable in short-term treatment and are, at least partially, symptom-state dependent.

Trauma and defense style as response predictors of pharmacological treatment in panic patients.

BACKGROUND: As panic disorder (PD) has a chronic course, it is important to identify predictors that might be related to non-remission. The aim of this study is to verify whether history of trauma and defense style are predictors to pharmacological treatment response in PD patients. METHOD: The sample was composed by 47 PD patients according to DSM-IV who were treated with sertraline for 16 weeks. Evaluations were assessed by the C.G.I. (Clinical Global Impression), the Hamilton-Anxiety Scale, the Hamilton-Depression Scale, the Panic Inventory and the DSQ-40 (Defense Style Questionnaire) at baseline and after treatment. RESULTS: Full remission was observed in 61.7% of the sample. The predictors significantly associated with non-remission were: severity of PD (p=0.012), age of onset (p=0.02) and immature defenses (p=0.032). In addition, the history of trauma was associated with early onset of PD (p=0.043). CONCLUSION: Panic patients had as predictors of worse response to pharmacological treatment the early onset and the severity of PD symptoms as well as the use of immature defenses at baseline. This finding corroborates the relevance of the evaluation of factors that might affect the response so as to enable the development of appropriate treatment for each patient.

Do defense mechanisms vary according to the psychiatric disorder?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the defense mechanisms used by depressive and anxious patients without comorbidities compared to those used by controls and to determine whether these patterns differ between diagnoses. METHOD: The sample was composed of 167 psychiatric patients and 36 controls that were evaluated using the Defense Style Questionnaire 40. All subjects were evaluated through a clinical interview, and each evaluation was confirmed through the application of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, a structured psychiatric interview. We used ANOVA and discriminant analysis to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: Neurotic defense mechanisms discriminated controls from all patients except those with social anxiety. Immature defense mechanisms differentiated controls from all patients, as well as distinguished depressive patients from panic disorder and obsessive disorder patients. The discriminant analysis indicated that depressive patients are characterized by projection, panic disorder patients by sublimation and obsessive-compulsive patients by acting out. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive and anxious patients differ from other individuals in their use of defense mechanisms, and each diagnosis has a particular pattern. These findings could lead to the development of specific psychotherapeutic interventions.

Do defense mechanisms vary according to the psychiatric disorder? / Os mecanismos de defesa se modificam de acordo com o transtorno psiquiátrico?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the defense mechanisms used by depressive and anxious patients without comorbidities compared to those used by controls and to determine whether these patterns differ between diagnoses. METHOD: The sample was composed of 167 psychiatric patients and 36 controls that were evaluated using the Defense Style Questionnaire 40. All subjects were evaluated through a clinical interview, and each evaluation was confirmed through the application of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, a structured psychiatric interview. We used ANOVA and discriminant analysis to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: Neurotic defense mechanisms discriminated controls from all patients except those with social anxiety. Immature defense mechanisms differentiated controls from all patients, as well as distinguished depressive patients from panic disorder and obsessive disorder patients. The discriminant analysis indicated that depressive patients are characterized by projection, panic disorder patients by sublimation and obsessive-compulsive patients by acting out. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive and anxious patients differ from other individuals in their use of defense mechanisms, and each diagnosis has a particular pattern. These findings could lead to the development of specific psychotherapeutic interventions.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o uso dos mecanismos de defesa utilizados por pacientes deprimidos e ansiosos sem comorbidades comparados com aqueles utilizados por pacientes-controle e se esses padrões de defesa podem ser diferenciados entre os diagnósticos. MÉTODO: 167 pacientes psiquiátricos e 36 controles foram avaliados pelo Defense Style Questionnaire 40. Todos os indivíduos foram avaliados por uma entrevista clínica que foi confirmada pelo Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, uma entrevista psiquiátrica estruturada. Para detectar diferenças entre os grupos, os dados foram submetidos à análise discriminante e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: As defesas neuróticas discriminam os controles de todos pacientes, exceto dos pacientes com ansiedade social. As defesas imaturas diferenciam os controles de todos pacientes, além de discriminar os pacientes deprimidos dos pacientes com transtorno do pânico e obsessivo. A análise discriminante indica que a projeção diferencia pacientes deprimidos, sublimação diferencia pacientes com transtorno do pânico, e acting-out diferencia pacientes obsessivos-compulsivos. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes diferem dos controles no uso dos mecanismos de defesa, e cada patologia tem seu padrão particular. Esses achados podem permitir o desenvolvimento de intervenções específicas no tratamento psicoterápico.

Quality of life and treatment outcome in panic disorder: cognitive behavior group therapy effects in patients refractory to medication treatment.

BACKGROUND: Improvements in quality of life (QoL) as well as symptomatic relief are important outcomes for the treatment of panic disorder (PD). The aim of this study is to assess the impact of brief cognitive behavior group therapy (CBGT) for panic disorder on QoL and to identify the clinical features associated with these changes. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with PD refractory to pharmacological treatment took part in a treatment protocol consisting of 12 sessions of CBGT. To evaluate the changes in QoL, the WHOQOL-bref was administered before and after treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients completed the treatment. Significant improvement in all domains of QoL was observed (p< 0.001), which was associated with reductions in general and anticipatory anxiety (p = 0.018) and agoraphobic avoidance (p = 0.046). Consistent with previous findings, associations between QoL and panic-free status did not reach significance in this small study (p = 0.094). CONCLUSIONS: CBGT was efficacious in the treatment of PD; the symptoms of anticipatory anxiety and avoidance appear to be more important than episodic panic episodes in affecting QoL.

One-year follow-up of pharmacotherapy-resistant patients with panic disorder treated with cognitive-behavior therapy: Outcome and predictors of remission.

Non-response to pharmacotherapy for panic disorder (PD) is a well-documented problem. However, little information exists to guide next-step strategies for these non-responders. In addition to pharmacologic augmentation strategies, several studies support the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for these patients, although data on long-term outcomes has been lacking. In this study, we provide one-year outcomes on a sample of 63 patients who completed group CBT for PD after failing to respond adequately to previous pharmacotherapy. Sustained significant benefit was found for all dimensional outcome scores, and nearly two-thirds of the sample met remission criteria. This occurred with reductions in medication use over the follow-up period. Negative predictors of remission status included comorbid dysthymia, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. These results provide additional evidence for the efficacy of CBT for medication non-responders with PD.

Evaluation of defense mechanisms in adult patients with panic disorder: before and after treatment.

Patients with acute panic disorder (PD) use a more maladaptive pattern of defense mechanisms. This study investigated the use of defense mechanisms by patients with acute symptomatic PD and those in complete remission. Thirty-three patients and 33 controls were evaluated by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The defense mechanisms were evaluated by the Defense Style Questionnaire at the beginning of the study and after 16 weeks of sertraline treatment. Panic disordered patients used more neurotic (4.6 vs. 3.6; p = 0.003) and immature (3.6 vs. 3.0; p = 0.024) defenses at baseline. Patients who achieved complete remission (N=25) differed from the control group in the use of neurotic defenses at the baseline (4.4 vs. 3.6; p = 0.033). After treatment, they showed a reduction in the use of neurotic (4.4 vs. 3.7; p=0.014) and immature (3.4 vs. 3.1; p = 0.019) defenses. Defense mechanisms in PD are influenced by the presence of symptoms, severity, and outcome of the disease.

Behavioral inhibition and history of childhood anxiety disorders in Brazilian adult patients with panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the presence of behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders during childhood in Brazilian adult patients with panic disorder and social anxiety disorder compared to a control group. METHODS: Fifty patients with panic disorder, 50 patients with social anxiety disorder, and 50 control subjects were included in the study. To assess the history of childhood anxiety, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Epidemiologic Version (K-SADS-E), and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Parent Version (DICA-P) were used. The presence of behavioral inhibition in childhood was assessed by the self-reported scale of Behavioral Inhibition Retrospective Version (RSRI-30). RESULTS: Patients showed significantly higher prevalence of anxiety disorders and behavioral inhibition in childhood compared to the control group. Patients with social anxiety disorder also showed significantly higher rates of avoidance disorder (46% vs. 18%, p = 0.005), social anxiety disorder (60% vs. 26%, p = 0.001), presence of at least one anxiety disorder (82% vs. 56%, p = 0.009) and global behavioral inhibition (2.89 +/- 0.61 vs. 2.46 +/- 0.61, p < 0.05) and school/social behavioral inhibition (3.56 +/- 0.91 vs. 2.67 +/- 0.82, p < 0.05) in childhood compared to patients with panic disorder. CONCLUSION: Our data are in accordance to the literature and corroborates the theory of an anxiety diathesis, suggesting that a history of anxiety disorders in childhood is associated with an anxiety disorder diagnosis, mainly social anxiety disorder, in adulthood.

Behaviorial inhibition and history of childhood anxiety disorders in Brazilian adult patients with panic disorder and social anxiety disorder

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a presença de história de comportamento inibido e de transtornos de ansiedade na infância em pacientes brasileiros adultos com transtorno do pânico e com transtorno de ansiedade social, comparando-os com um grupo controle. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta pacientes com transtorno do pânico, 50 com transtorno de ansiedade social e 50 controles participaram do estudo. Para avaliar a presença de história de ansiedade na infância foi utilizada a Escala para Avaliação de Transtornos Afetivos e Esquizofrenia para Crianças em Idade Escolar - Versão Epidemiológica (K-SADS-E) e o Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Parent Version (DICA-P). A presença de comportamento inibido na infância foi avaliada através da Escala Auto-Aplicativa de Comportamento Inibido - Versão Retrospectiva (RSRI-30). RESULTADOS: Os pacientes apresentavam uma prevalência significativamente maior de história de transtornos de ansiedade e de comportamento inibido em relação ao grupo controle. Pacientes com transtorno de ansiedade social apresentavam, também, taxas significativamente maiores de transtorno de evitação (46% x 18%, p = 0,005), transtorno de ansiedade social (60% x 26%, p = 0,001), presença de pelo menos um transtorno de ansiedade na infância (82% X 56%, p = 0,009), comportamento inibido global (2,89 ± 0,61 vs. 2,46 ± 0,61, p < 0,05) e comportamento inibido escola/social (3,56 ± 0,91 vs. 2,67 ± 0,82, p < 0.05) na infância em comparação com pacientes com transtorno do pânico. CONCLUSAO: Nossos dados são similares aos encontrados na literatura e corroboram a teoria da diátese de ansiedade, sugerindo que a história de transtornos de ansiedade na infância é associada com transtornos de ansiedade, principalmente transtorno de ansiedade social, na vida adulta.

Versão em português do Defense Style Questionaire (DSQ-40) para avaliação dos mecanismos de defesa: um estudo preliminar / Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) for defense mechanisms measure: a preliminary study

O objetivo desse estudo é o de descrever o processo de tradução e adaptação do Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) versão em português e avaliar a validade de conteúdo dessa versão do instrumento. MÉTODOS: A primeira versão da escala foi apresentada para cinco indivíduos, com graus diferentes de escolaridade, que efetuaram pequenos ajustes de linguagem. Posteriormente, a escala foi apresentada para três "experts", que avaliaram a validade de conteúdo do instrumento. A versão final foi retraduzida e apresentada para o autor do instrumento original que aceitou essa versão do DSQ-40. RESULTADOS: Houve necessidade de pequenos ajustes no vocabulário em nove questões e modificações na linguagem em quatro questões, resultando na versão final do instrumento. A média de correlação dos "experts" com cada defesa foi de 89 por cento, e dos fatores maduros, imaturos e neuróticos foi de 100 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: A adaptação do DSQ-40 por diferentes indivíduos com diferentes graus de escolaridade e pelo grupo de experts possibilitou o ajuste à realidade sociocultural brasileira.

Tratamento do paciente com transtorno do pânico: o papel da psicoterapia psicodinâmica / Treatment of patients with panic disorder: the role of psychodynamic psychotherapy

A maioria das pesquisas relacionadas ao tratamento do Transtorno do Pânico concentra-se nos tratamentos farmacológicos e cognitivos-comportamentais. Poucos são os estudos que foram conduzidos no sentido de avaliar se a terapia psicodinâmica apresenta ou não um papel importante no tratamento do Transtorno do Pânico (TP) ou em que o contexto estaria indicada. Observa-se, no entanto, um retorno ao interesse da compreensão psicodinâmica e na utilização e pesquisa de técnicas psicodinâmicas nestes pacientes em função da observação de que, embora os tratamentos farmacológicos e cognitivos-comportamentais tenham se mostrado efetivos, muitos pacientes com TP apresentam recaídas após esses tratamentos, e muitos são refratários ou respondem parcialmente aos tratamentos preconizados. Inicialmente, será feita uma breve revisão sobre o papel que fatores psicodinâmicos podem apresentar, segundo alguns autores, na etiologia ou na vulnerabilidade ao TP, e serão revisadas as pesquisas realizadas até o momento sobre a utilização da terapia psicodinâmica no TP. Dados de pesquisa atual sobre a utilização dos mecanismos de defesa em pacientes com TP também serão apresentados. O estudo dos mecanismos de defesa utilizados por pacientes com TP pode ter utilidade no entendimento e no tratamento desse transtorno. Essa pesquisa evidenciou que pacientes com TP usam mais defesas neuróticas e imaturas, comparados ao grupo controle, e que pacientes que usavam mais defesas neuróticas e imaturas apresentaram pior resposta ao tratamento (AU)

Tratamento do paciente com transtorno do pânico: o papel da psicoterapia psicodinâmica / Treatment of patients with panic disorder: the role of psychodynamic psychotherapy

A maioria das pesquisas relacionadas ao tratamento do Transtorno do Pânico concentra-se nos tratamentos farmacológicos e cognitivos-comportamentais. Poucos são os estudos que foram conduzidos no sentido de avaliar se a terapia psicodinâmica apresenta ou não um papel importante no tratamento do Transtorno do Pânico (TP) ou em que o contexto estaria indicada. Observa-se, no entanto, um retorno ao interesse da compreensão psicodinâmica e na utilização e pesquisa de técnicas psicodinâmicas nestes pacientes em função da observação de que, embora os tratamentos farmacológicos e cognitivos-comportamentais tenham se mostrado efetivos, muitos pacientes com TP apresentam recaídas após esses tratamentos, e muitos são refratários ou respondem parcialmente aos tratamentos preconizados. Inicialmente, será feita uma breve revisão sobre o papel que fatores psicodinâmicos podem apresentar, segundo alguns autores, na etiologia ou na vulnerabilidade ao TP, e serão revisadas as pesquisas realizadas até o momento sobre a utilização da terapia psicodinâmica no TP. Dados de pesquisa atual sobre a utilização dos mecanismos de defesa em pacientes com TP também serão apresentados. O estudo dos mecanismos de defesa utilizados por pacientes com TP pode ter utilidade no entendimento e no tratamento desse transtorno. Essa pesquisa evidenciou que pacientes com TP usam mais defesas neuróticas e imaturas, comparados ao grupo controle, e que pacientes que usavam mais defesas neuróticas e imaturas apresentaram pior resposta ao tratamento.

Brazilian patients with panic disorder: the use of defense mechanisms and their association with severity.

This study aims to evaluate the defense mechanisms most frequently used by Brazilian patients with panic disorder when compared with a control group. The study also examines the association between severity of disease and comorbidity and the use of specific defense mechanisms. Sixty panic-disordered patients and 31 controls participated in the study. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to confirm the panic disorder diagnosis and to establish the comorbid diagnosis. The Clinical Global Impression (CGI) was used to assess severity and the Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) was used to evaluate the defense mechanisms. Panic patients used more neurotic (mean = 4.9 versus 3.6; p < 0.001) and immature (mean = 3.9 versus 2.8; p < 0.001) defenses as compared with controls. Panic patients with severe disease (n = 37; CGI>4) had more depression comorbidity and used more immature defenses than patients with CGI