Assessment of circulating betatrophin levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Objective: To investigate maternal serum levels of betatrophin and their relationship with total bile acid (TBA) levels in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP).Materials and methods: Fifty-nine pregnant women with ICP (31 patients with severe and 28 patients with mild disease classifications) and 23 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies as the control group included the study. The maternal betatrophin, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin (FI), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels of the groups were compared.Results: Serum betatrophin levels were significantly higher in the ICP groups than in the control group (p = .04 and p < .001, respectively). The FI levels and HOMA-IR values were significantly higher in the severe ICP group than in the control group (p = .006 and p = .001, respectively). While a significant positive correlation was found between betatrophin levels and fasting and postprandial TBA levels, there was no significant correlation among betatrophin and HOMA-IR or FI levels.Conclusions: Betatrophin levels were shown to correlate with TBA levels, it provides a model for future studies to understand the physiopathology of ICP, a complex metabolic disease. Changes in betatrophin levels may shed light on the pathogenesis of ICP.

Usefulness of hematological parameters for differential diagnosis of endometriomas in adolescents/young adults and older women.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory processes have been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. However, the predictive role of inflammatory hematological parameters in endometriosis is not clear. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical value of hematologic markers in the differential diagnosis of endometriomas in younger and older reproductive age women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was done for 502 patients who underwent surgery: 267 with endometriomas (endometrioma group) and 235 with other benign adnexal cysts (control group). Patients were placed into subgroups as younger (adolescents/young adults, aged <25 years) and older (aged ≥25 years) women. Total and differential white blood cell count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet indices and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were evaluated with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for differential diagnosis of endometriomas. RESULTS: The mean serum levels of PLR, plateletcrit (PCT), platelet count and CA-125 (reference range below 35 IU/mL) were significantly higher in the endometrioma group (p < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for CA-125 was 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.82-0.88] (p < 0.001) for the entire group. However, platelet count, PLR, and PCT showed poor discriminative ability for detecting endometriomas with AUC values of 0.59 (95% CI, 0.55-0.65, p < 0.001), 0.58 (95% CI, 0.53-0.63, p = 0.002) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.56-0.66, p < 0.001), respectively. In age-stratified analysis, these platelet indices had also low diagnostic performance in both age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hematologic markers do not adequately differentiate ovarian endometriomas from other benign cysts in neither adolescents/young adults nor older women.

Influence of Behçet's disease on first and second trimester serum screening markers.

AIM: Behçet's disease (BD) is a rare and multisystemic vasculitis disease. In this study, we investigated whether BD had any effect on the biochemical components of first and second trimester aneuploidy screening tests. METHODS: A case-control retrospective study was conducted with 32 pregnant women with BD and 60 healthy pregnant women as controls. All pregnant womens' first trimester maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, free ß-human chorionic gonadotropin and second trimester serum alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol and total human chorionic gonadotropin levels were examined from medical records. First and second serum screening markers were compared between pregnancies with BD and without. RESULTS: There was no difference in age, body mass index and obstetric history between the groups. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of first and second trimester serum screening test results in the absence of aneuploidy or neural tube defect. Gestational age at birth, birth weight and neonatal intensive care admission rate were also similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both first and second serum screening tests for Down syndrome may be recommended to pregnant women with BD without the need to readjust these markers. Pregnancy with BD was not associated with adverse perinatal outcome with respect to gestational age at birth or birth weight.

The value of acute phase reactants in predicting preterm delivery.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the potential value of maternal serum levels of acute phase reactants in the prediction of preterm delivery in women with threatened preterm labor (TPL). METHODS: Ninety-one pregnant women diagnosed with TPL and 83 healthy pregnant women as a control group were included in this prospective controlled study. All the pregnant women were followed until delivery and obstetric data and the serum levels of acute phase reactants were recorded for each participant. The study group was further divided into two groups according to the gestational age at delivery, which include women delivering prematurely and the ones who gave birth at term. RESULTS: Serum albumin levels were significantly lower and mean serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in the study groups when compared the control group. CONCLUSION: Although an association between decreased serum albumin level and TPL, also between increased serum ferritin levels and preterm birth and low birth weight were demonstrated, more extensive studies are needed to clarify the potential use of the acute phase reactants in the prediction of preterm birth.

Levels of serum vitamin D and calcium in pregnancies complicated with fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia and normal pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is a common public health problem worldwide in all age groups. Receptors and enzymes related to VD metabolism have been shown in many cells and tissues of the body. VD plays a crucial role in cellular growth and differentiation during embryogenesis. It has been suggested that VD deficiency may be associated with various diseases, and that lower maternal serum levels may be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. In this study, we aimed to compare serum VD levels of pregnant women whose pregnancies complicated by congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with healthy pregnant women. We also evaluated perinatal outcomes of these pregnancies. METHODS: Total of 77 patients was included in this prospective and cross-sectional case-controlled study. 24 pregnant women having a fetus with CDH diagnosed prenatally formed the study group, and 53 healthy pregnants were eligible for the control group. Demographics and clinical characteristics of the cases with some laboratory parameters were recorded. Perinatal outcomes were also investigated. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between two groups in terms of demographics and clinical features. Mean maternal serum VD levels were significantly lower in the study group than in the controls (p: 0.019). Ionized calcium and corrected calcium levels were also found to be lower in pregnant women with CDH (p < 0.001). Moreover, the calcium-rich dietary habits were also more common in the control group. Four (16.7%) patients chose termination and one (4.2%) experienced a stillbirth. Fourteen (58.3%) infants died in the early neonatal period; although some had undergone surgical interventions, only 5 (20.8%) were still alive after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal serum VD and calcium levels were significantly lower in pregnancies complicated by CDH than healthy pregnant women. Hipovitaminosis D may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of CDH.

Total oxidative and anti-oxidative status, and ADAMTS-12 levels in placenta previa and early-onset severe preeclampsia.

AIM: This study was carried out due to the discussions in the literature stating that the inverse association between placenta previa (PP) and preeclampsia (PE). The aim of this study was to determine whether total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) and ADAMTS-12 levels differ among early-onset (<34th gestational week) severe PE (EOS-PE), PP and uncomplicated pregnancies. METHODS: In this case-control study, serum samples obtained from 26 pregnant with EOS-PE, 31 pregnant with PP, and 32 healthy patients with uncomplicated pregnancies (control group). RESULTS: TOS levels were significantly higher in the EOS-PE than in the control group and PP groups (p=0.002, p=0.05, respectively). TAS levels were significantly lower in the EOS-PE than in the control (p<0.001). Although TAS levels were lower in the EOS-PE group than in the PP group, the differences were not statistically significant (p=0.09). There were no significant differences in the ADAMTS-12 levels of the groups. DISCUSSION: The data in this study suggested that the balance between oxidative and anti-oxidative substances were comparable and normal in pregnancies complicated by PP when compared to normal pregnancies without placentation abnormality. In support of this, we encountered no case with PE and fetal growth restriction in our study groups suggesting normal placental angiogenesis. Contrarily, EOS-PE was associated with decreased TAS and increased TOS levels in the maternal serum.

Clinical significance of fasting plasma glucose in patients with normal 50-g glucose challenge test in pregnancy: Is 100 bigger than 92?

The present study aimed to analyse the perinatal outcomes in patients with normal 50-g Glucose Challenge Test but who are considered retrospectively to have gestational diabetes mellitus based on elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels according to recent criteria. The study was conducted between January 2010 and December 2014 to identify patients with FPG values >92 mg/dl and GCT values <130 mg/dl. The patients were divided into two groups: those with FPG values between 92 and 99 mg/dl (Group 1) and those with FPG values >99 mg/dl (Group 2). The rate of obstetric complications was similar in the three groups, except for a higher rate of preeclampsia in Group 2 than in the control group (8.3% versus 3.1%; p = 0.031). The rate of large for gestational age neonates in Group 2 was 15%, which was higher than the rate in Group 1 (5.5%) and control group (7.4%) (p = 0.046 and p = 0.047, respectively). The rate of neonatal intensive care unit admissions in Group 2 was 11.7%, which was higher than the rate in Group 1 (3.1%) and in the control group (2.4%). Our findings indicate that there is a clinically recognisable difference in perinatal outcomes when a threshold of 100 mg/dl is used for FPG instead of 92 mg/dl.

The association between placenta previa and leukocyte and platelet indices - a case control study.

OBJECTIVES: Despite medical advances, rising awareness, and satisfactory care facilities, placenta previa (PP) remains a challenging clinical entity due to the risk of excessive obstetric hemorrhage. Etiological concerns gave way to life-saving concerns about the prediction of maternal outcomes due to hemorrhage. Our study aimed to detect an early predictive marker of placenta previa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-three pregnant patients diagnosed with PP and 247 controls were recruited for this retro-spective study. Platelet and leukocyte indices were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The groups were similar with regard to age distribution (31.2 ± 5.1 years [mean ± SD] in the PP group and 31.7 ± 4.2 years in controls), body mass index (BMI) (27.7 ± 3.6 kg/m2 in the PP group and 27.4 ± 4.6 kg/m2 in controls), and most characteristics of the obstetric history. Total leukocyte count, neutrophil count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in the PP group. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and large platelet cell ratio (P-LCR) values were significantly lower in the PP group as compared to controls, with regard to third trimester values. However, patients who were diagnosed postnatally with placenta percreta had lower MPV and P-LCR values than other patients with PP. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups as far as first trimester values were concerned. CONCLUSIONS: Platelet and leukocyte indices in the third trimester of pregnancy may be valuable predictors of placenta previa and placenta percreta. More comprehensive studies are needed to address this issue.

A study of serum Apo A-1 and Apo B-100 levels in women with preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate Apo A-1 and Apo B-100 levels and Apo B-100/Apo A-1 ratios in preeclamptic (PE) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight PE and 48 without PE patients (healthy pregnancies) matched for gestational age were included. Maternal age, parity, gestational age at delivery, obstetrical complications including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), serum Apo A-1 and Apo B-100 levels, and the Apo B-100/Apo A-1 ratio were compared. RESULTS: Preeclamptic patients had significantly lower Apo A-1 levels (167.07mg/dl±14.61mg/dl vs. 244.37mg/dl±20.84mg/dl, p<0.001), higher Apo B-100/Apo A-1 ratio (0.63±0.07 vs. 0.42±0.05, p<0.001), but similar Apo B-100 levels (104.84mg/dl±7.05mg/dl vs. 102.39mg/dl±8.08mg/dl, p=0.118). Mean Apo A-1 and Apo B-100 levels and the Apo B-100/Apo A-1 ratio were similar in patients with severe PE, HELLP syndrome, IUGR, and patients requiring antihypertensive therapy compared to PE patients who did not have these complications (p>0.05). Apo A-1 levels had the best accuracy followed by the Apo B-100/Apo A-1 ratio in patients with PE. CONCLUSION: Apo A-1 and the Apo B-100/Apo A-1 ratio may be useful markers in patients with PE. Further studies are required to elucidate this issue.

Placental levels of total oxidative and anti-oxidative status, ADAMTS-12 and decorin in early- and late-onset severe preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia (PE), can be classified according to the timing of disease onset: early-onset PE occurs before the 34th gestational week and late-onset PE occurs in the 34th gestational week or later. The aim of this study was to determine whether total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS), ADAMTS-12 and decorin levels differ among early-onset severe PE (EOS-PE), late-onset severe PE (LOS-PE) and uncomplicated pregnancies. METHODS: In this case-control study, placental samples obtained from 25 pregnant patients with EOS-PE, 26 pregnant patients with LOS-PE and 28 healthy patients with uncomplicated pregnancies (control group). RESULTS: Placenta levels of decorin and TOS were significantly higher and TAS was significantly lower in the EOS-PE and LOS-PE groups than in the control group. These alterations were more prominent in patients with EOS-PE than in patients with LOS-PE. There were no significant differences in the ADAMTS-12 levels of the groups. CONCLUSION: The distinctly higher rate of negative perinatal outcomes in both EOS-PE and LOS-PE patients is well evidenced. However, the main questions that need to be answered are whether the only difference between these two diseases is the time of their onset and whether the only difference between them with respect to fetal morbidity and mortality is prematurity.

Novel indexes of arrhythmogenesis in preeclampsia: QT dispersion, Tp-e interval, and Tp-e/QT ratio.

OBJECTIVE: There is increasing evidence that preeclampsia (PE) may also be a risk factor for future cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including arrhythmia. In this study we aimed to evaluate the association between PE and ventricular repolarization using novel electrocardiogram markers: QT interval duration, Tp-e interval, and Tp-e/QT ratio. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this controlled cross-sectional study sixty-four pregnant women with PE (31 with mild and 33 with severe disease) and 32 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies in the third trimester were compared by measuring QT parameters, Tp-e interval, and Tp-e/QT ratio. RESULTS: Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio values were significantly higher in both the mild and severe PE groups compared to the healthy pregnant group. CONCLUSION: Prevention of CVD requires that patients be aware of their risk factors, be educated about their risk, and perhaps most importantly perceive them to be at risk. In this study, we documented that PE has a significant effect on ventricular repolarization. This alteration could, in part, explain the increased cardiovascular risk in women with a history of PE. This important association can be used to screen women for increased risk in order to better target counseling regarding lifestyle modifications and to follow up and manage women with a history of hypertensive disease of pregnancy more closely.

Serum angiogenic profile in abnormal placentation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), placental growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in women with abnormal placentation and to compare the data with the results of women with normal pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum biomarkers of angiogenesis and maternal and perinatal characteristics of 68 pregnant women, all in the third trimester, who were diagnosed to have vaginal bleeding due to complete placenta previa with and without concomitant placenta accreta, increta and percreta as the study group and 30 pregnant women without any placentation abnormality who eventually delivered at ≥37 weeks of gestational age as the control group were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the maternal serum values of sFlt1, PlGF, sFlt1/PlGF ratio and VEGF in groups with placental abnormality as compared to controls. Not even a single case of preeclampsia and intrauterine fetal growth restriction was encountered in the study group. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that regardless of the localization and the degree of the myometrial invasion of the placenta in the uterus, the circulatory biomarkers of angiogenesis and vascularization were comparable.

Pregnancy in Adolescence: Is It an Obstetrical Risk?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Adolescent pregnancy is an important public health problem worldwide. It is associated with increased risk of maternal and fetal complications. We aimed to investigate whether adolescent pregnancies have an increased risk for perinatal complications. We focused primarily on the relationship between adolescent pregnancy and preterm delivery. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We used records of 38,646 women who gave birth at our hospital, between January 2008 and December 2009. Five hundred eighty-two randomly selected pregnant adolescents and 2,920 healthy parity and body mass index matched pregnant women 20-34 years of age were included the study. Perinatal outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The mean gestational ages of the adolescent and control groups at the first prenatal visit were 11.2 (range, 8-31) and 8.5 (range, 7-28) weeks, respectively (P < .001). The risks of preterm delivery (odds ratio, 2.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.80-3.37; P < .001) and preeclampsia (odds ratio, 2.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.51; P = .002) were significantly greater among the adolescent mothers. In both groups, the most frequent reason was spontaneous preterm delivery. CONCLUSION: As shown in this study, pregnant adolescents present to hospitals for prenatal care at a much more advanced gestational age compared with adults. At the time they present to the hospital, and particularly in the first trimester, they must be advised to undergo an ultrasound scan to determine the gestational age. As such, it would be reasonable to increase the frequency of examinations after the second trimester, because of the increased risk of preterm labor and preterm birth.

Role of inflammation in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

AIM: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), the most common liver disease in pregnancy, is characterized by elevated serum total bile acid and/or transaminase concentration, and pruritus. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key regulator of the immune response, hematopoiesis and inflammation. We examined both IL-6 and the frequently used inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) at baseline in the same study population as for the primary endpoint, in order to provide a new perspective on the pathogenesis of ICP. METHODS: In this controlled cross-sectional study 65 consecutive pregnant women with ICP (34 with mild and 31 with severe disease) and 40 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies (control group) were examined. IL-6 and hs-CRP were compared between the groups. RESULTS: While serum IL-6 was significantly higher in the mild ICP (P = 0.01) and severe ICP (P = 0.001) groups than in the control group, hs-CRP was similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: Interleukin-6 may have an essential role, apart from CRP, in the pathogenesis of ICP and, also, is a more sensitive marker of inflammation.

Circulating and myometrial markers of oxidative stress in pregnant women with fetal growth restriction.

AIM: The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between fetal growth restriction (FGR) and oxidative stress. The mechanisms that protect against oxidative stress in the local microenvironment were investigated by comparing the activities of the markers, both in the circulation and myometrium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Myometrial tissue and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) markers were measured in 20 FGR and 20 healthy pregnancies. RESULTS: The mean duration of gestation at delivery was shorter (P = 0003) and the mean birthweight was lower P < 0001) in the FGR study group compared with the control group, as expected. While MDA and CAT concentrations were higher in the serum (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively), but lower in the myometrial samples (P < 0.01) in the FGR versus the control group, XO and myometrial SOD values were comparable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although our data demonstrated that FGR is associated with oxidative stress, the exact role and mechanism of the oxidant and antioxidant imbalance is obscure. We speculate that despite limited local synthesis of CAT, effective and efficient removal of MDA in the uterine environment explains high MDA and CAT serum concentrations in women with FGR. Alternatively, a well-functioning myometrial system could rescue the fetus from reactive oxygen species, as demonstrated by lowered MDA and depleted CAT resulting from hyperconsumption. Elevated serum MDA and CAT levels in the serum may reflect the 'spillover' of these markers from the uterus to the circulation.

Maternal circulating levels of irisin in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), the most common liver disease in pregnancy, is characterized by elevated serum total bile acid levels and pruritus. It has become clear that bile acids are no longer labeled as simple detergent-like molecules, but also represent complex hormonal metabolic regulators. ICP has also been associated with increased incidence rates of gestational diabetes mellitus. Irisin is a newly discovered myokine that is able to regulate glucose and lipid levels, thus improving insulin sensitivity. In this study, maternal serum irisin levels were analyzed in order to provide a new perspective on the pathogenesis of ICP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this controlled cross-sectional study, 58 consecutive pregnant women with ICP (30 with mild and 28 with severe disease) and 30 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies (as the control group) were examined. The maternal irisin, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Serum irisin levels were significantly higher in the severe ICP group than in the mild ICP and control groups (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). At the best cut-off level of 908.875 pg/ml, irisin accurately predicted ICP [AUC = 0.827 (95% CI: 0.745-0.909; p < 0.001)] with sensitivity and specificity rates of 72.5 and 86.8%, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between irisin and fasting blood glucose levels (r = -0.399; p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that serum irisin levels were significantly higher in women with ICP compared to healthy pregnant controls. However, it is difficult to infer whether high irisin level is a cause or effect of ICP.

Maternal serum vitamin D levels in pregnancies complicated by neural tube defects.

OBJECTIVE: The association between vitamin D deficiency and abnormal neural development has been proposed previously. We aimed to evaluate maternal serum vitamin D levels in pregnancies complicated by neural tube defects (NTDs) and compared them with healthy pregnant women. METHODS: A total of 60 pregnant women were included in this controlled cross-sectional study. Thirty of the patients whose pregnancies were complicated by meningocele, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, anencephaly and fetal acrania constituted the study group, whereas 30 normal pregnant women constituted the control group. The main parameters recorded for each woman were as follows: age, body mass index (BMI), gestational week (GW), gravidity, abortion, co-morbidities, dressing style, consumption of milk and dairy products and serum levels of 25(OH)VitD3, calcium, albumin and total protein. RESULTS: The mean maternal serum 25(OH)VitD3 level was 6.2 ± 5.0 ng/ml in the study group and 9.1 ± 7.3 ng/ml in the control group (p: 0.071). The mean maternal serum calcium level was statistically significantly higher in the control group, and calcium-rich dietary intake was also more common in this group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of age, BMI, GW, dressing style and serum levels of albumin and total protein. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is common among pregnant women, and maternal serum calcium levels were lower in pregnancies complicated by NTD than healthy pregnant women. Larger further studies are required to evaluate the effects of calcium-rich dietary sources or vitamin D and calcium in the development of NTDs.

The role of interleukin-17 in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most common pregnancy-specific liver disease, is characterized by pruritus, abnormal liver function and elevated serum bile acid levels. The main cause of ICP has not yet been identified. We aimed to provide a new perspective to the pathogenesis of by investigating the possible association of circulating interleukin-17 (IL-17) that is a recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine levels with ICP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this controlled cross-sectional study, maternal venous blood samples were obtained from 33 consecutive pregnant women with ICP (15 with mild and 18 with severe forms of the disease) and 25 healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies (as the control group) and IL-17 levels were compared among the groups. RESULTS: Although serum IL-17 levels were significantly higher in the severe ICP group than in the control group (p = 0.022), there were no significant differences between the mild and severe ICP groups or between the control and mild ICP groups. CONCLUSION: Explaining the mechanisms of hepatocyte injury might contribute to the existing therapeutic strategies for treating cholestatic diseases. Changes in IL-17 levels may shed light on the pathogenesis of ICP.

Maternal and fetal serum levels of caspase-cleaved fragments of cytokeratin-18 in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the relationship between intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and caspase-cleaved fragments of cytokeratin-18, also referred to as M30, a marker of apoptosis. METHODS: In this case-control study, maternal and umbilical cord blood venous samples were obtained from 21 pregnant women with ICP and 22 healthy pregnant women as a control group. M30 levels were compared among the groups. RESULTS: Maternal serum M30 levels were significantly higher in the severe ICP group than in the control (p < 0.001) and mild ICP groups (p = 0.006). The values were comparable between the mild ICP and the control groups. The umbilical cord serum M30 levels were also significantly greater in the severe ICP group than in the control group (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in M30 levels, as an apoptosis marker, may shed light on the pathogenesis of ICP. Explaining the mechanisms of bile acid (BA)-induced hepatocyte injury may contribute further therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human cholestatic diseases.

The cellular immunity and oxidative stress markers in early pregnancy loss.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether changes in cellular immunity and oxidative stress in pregnancy have any association with spontaneous miscarriage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Circulating adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity as a marker of cellular immunity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as markers of T lymphocyte activation and parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense were compared between 40 women with early pregnancy loss and another 40 women with ungoing healthy pregnancy. RESULTS: Women with miscarriage had higher serum ADA and GPx levels when compared with women with normal pregnancy (p = 0.034 and p < 0.001, respectively). Although serum MDA level was slightly higher in women with miscarriage, the difference was not significant (p = 0.083). CAT levels were alike in both groups. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated an increased cellular immunity and perhaps a compensated oxidative stress related to increased antioxidant activation in women with early spontaneous pregnancy loss.