[Flow structure in artificial heart ventricle]. / Issledovanie struktury potoka v iskusstvennom zheludochke serdtsa.

The flow structure in the artificial heart ventricle has been investigated by laser knife visualization method using fluorescence. It is shown that the flow structure is essentially three-dimensional. The effect of inlet artificial valve orientation on the flow structure is demonstrated. The artificial ventricle elastic cover deformation process is reviewed.

[New pneumatic and hydraulic devices for assisted and artificial circulation (a hybrid artificial heart)]. / Novye pnevmaticheskoe i gidravlicheskie ustroistva vospomogatel'nogo i isskusstvennogo krovoobrashcheniia ("gibridnoe iskusstvennoe serdtse").

The authors offer a system for auxiliary circulation (a "hybrid man-made heart"), review design varieties, describe the functioning of the system. The paper is of interest for designers of the systems for extracorporeal circulation and for practicing physicians concerned with the problems of cardiology.

[Electric motors for partially autonomous and autonomous systems for assisted circulation and the artificial heart]. / Elektricheskie dvigateli dlia chastichno avtonomnykh i avtonomnykh sistem vspomogatel'nogo krovoobrashcheniia i iskusstvennogo serdtsa.

The paper treats of problems relating to the use of different types of motors in autonomous and partially autonomous systems of artificial heart (AH) and auxiliary circulation (AC). Demonstrates that the use of d. c. valve engines (VE) in the drives of the AH and AC systems is highly advisable. Provides the characteristics of the different AH and AC systems with a drive from VE and the technical data on the engines.

[A portable, movable pneumatic drive for an artificial heart with an autonomous electrochemical source of energy]. / Portativnyi perenosnoi pnevmaticheskii privod iskusstvennogo serdtsas avtonomym élektrokhimicheskim istochnikom énergii.

The authors have designed a pneumatic drive, which differs from the known ones in that it contains two electromagnetic two-linear and two-positioned air distributors while the motor operates in the mode excluding the change of its axis direction. This affords using a standard crank mechanism as a transformer of rotary motion to translational motion and reducing several times the power consumed. Besides, the two-linear and two-positioned air distributors allow a possibility of exercising a separate control over the time of the systole-diastole phases of the left and right ventricles. In this case both ventricles can work at 100% filling whereby maintaining the capacity of the artificial heart without additional energy consumption.

[Thermodynamic principles and physiologic criteria for the use of heat engines to drive the ventricles of an artificial heart]. / Termodinamicheskie osnovy i fiziologicheskie kriterii primenimosti teplovykh dvigatelei dlia privoda zheludochkov iskusstvennogo serdtsa.

The authors review the thermodynamic bases and physiological limitations of the applicability of thermal engines for driving artificial heart ventricles. Show that the thermodynamic characteristics of Stirling and Brighton cycles do not make it possible to effectively use cycle-based engines in the artificial heart. A steam engine operating in accordance with the Rankine cycle may be regarded as an optimum type engine for that purpose. Demonstrate that according to the rules of physiology, use should be made of a separate driving of artificial heart ventricles by two independently operating steam engines. Provide the characteristics of the Soviet artificial heart "MIKRON" acceptable for implantation into the orthotopic position.

[Pathomorphology of the results of chronic irradiation from a gamma-neutron source implanted in the abdominal cavity]. / Patomorfologiia posledstvii khronicheskogo oblucheniia ot gamma-neitronnogo istochnika, implantirovannogo v briushnuiu polost'.

Comparison of the results of morphological investigations of the internal organs of dogs and sheep with gamma-neutron radiation sources, implanted in the abdominal cavity, has shown that the correlation between a degree of severity and type of morphological changes in this case is similar to that of identical irradiation from an external source.

Development of autonomous paracorporeal and implanted artificial heart and circulatory assist systems.

The development of autonomous systems for the artificial heart (AH) and for circulatory assistance (CA) has taken several directions. Studies relating to one direction--the development of paracorporeal and implanted systems based on thermal or electric motors--have been conducted at our institute in two stages, moving from stationary systems to totally implanted systems for long-term use. The development of these systems is described. Improvements in the linear solenoid motor, used in some of the first paracorporeal systems, enabled progress toward the development of implanted CA systems based on a reversing electrohydraulic actuator. Modifications were also made in the control system. Early animal testing of these systems indicated that they could be effective in unburdening the heart cavities during left and right bypasses. Full implantation, however, demanded that the devices have improved forms and dimensions and less weight. Smaller electromechanical systems are being developed, and we are experimenting with ways to increase the overall autonomy of the system. An orthotopic model of an implanted AH is promising. Experiments continue on the use of the body's own skeletal muscles to create a blood pump.

[Optimal mode of operation of an artificial heart]. / Optimal'nyi rezhim upravleniia iskusstvennym serdtsem.

Artificial heart operation was estimated from the view point of minimum energy consumption for the blood transport. The operation mode without breaks proved to be more economical in this respect, as compared to the mode with breaks during systole or diastole. A special control device has been designed just for the provision of uninterrupted artificial heart operation. This device improves the main functional characteristics of the artificial heart, increases the sensitivity to venous influx and provides invariance to the arterial pressure.

[Automatic control of an artificial heart with an autonomous energy source]. / Avtomaticheskoe upravlenie iskusstvennym serdtsem s avtonomnym istochnikom énergii.

Specific features and particularities in the design of the artificial heart control systems are considered, operated by various engines with a radioisotope energy source. The operation results showed the need in a complex approach to the problem solution. It should be based on optimized constructions, methods and principles of functioning for all ingradients of the artificial heart from the viewpoint of automatic control.

[Blood heat exchangers for the artificial heart using a radioisotope power source]. / Issledovanie teploobmennikov krovi iskusstvennogo serdtsa s radioizotopnym istochnikom pitaniia.

A design of a vascular heat exchanger enabling it to establish in experiments with animals the degree of the possible specific-capacity thermal loads has been devised. The performance results may be taken account of in designing implantable appliances of assistive circulation and artificial heart.

[Power units of implanted artificial heart and assisted circulation system]. / Energeticheskie bloki, ispol'zuemye v implantiruemom iskusstvennom serdtse i sistemakh vspomogatel'nogo krovoobrashcheniia

The existing and presently planned systems of power supply for an artificially implanted heart and assisted circulation devices are reviewed. A comparative analysis as to their conformability to biological, functional and technical demands placed on the implanted systems is given. In an implanted artificial heart and assisted circulation systems most promising is shown to be the use of nuclear fuel as a source of power and as converters -- that of thermal engines with gas and steam cycle.

[Components of an implanted artificial heart and the medico-technical requirements]. / Sostavnye elementy implantiruemogo iskusstvennogo serdtsa i pred'iavliaemye k nim mediko-tekhnicheskie trebovaniia

The task of designing and providing power supply for an implanted artificial heart (AH) is a many-sided complex problem that includes a number of medico-biological, technical, physical, power-supply and other factors. The analysis of the AH components and the mentioned basic medico-technical requirements permits it to outline the ways and means for a rational solution of this complicated problem. The greatest attention is paid to the analysis of and future prospects for the use of different power sources and methods of power conversion.