The motivational role of realistic and unrealistic weight targets in body-weight loss: Experiences with a cognitive behavioral body-weight loss program / A reális és irreális testsúlycélok motivációs szerepe a fogyásban: A kognitív viselkedésterápiás testsúlycsökkento programok tapasztalatai

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Az elhízás korunk egyik legnagyobb kihívása, hiszen a többletsúly számos krónikus betegség kockázati tényezoje, és fontos pszichés és szociális következményei vannak. A kezelésben bizonyítottan hatékony a kognitív viselkedésterápiás testsúlycsökkento program, amelynek során alapveto fontosságú a reális célsúly meghatározása, ugyanis az irreális elvárások megakadályozhatják a hosszú távú sikeres testsúlykontrollt. Célkituzés: Prospektív kutatásunk kérdése, hogy az elérheto fogyást milyen mértékben befolyásolják a testsúlycélok a kognitív viselkedésterápiás testsúlycsökkento program során. Feltételeztük, hogy a testsúlycsökkento csoport résztvevoi irreális fogyási elvárásokkal érkeznek, melyek azonban reálisabbá válnak a program végére, és megmaradnak az utánkövetés idejére. Emellett feltételeztük, hogy a testsúlycsökkento program során az evési magatartás pozitív irányban fog változni. Módszer: A 24 hetes testsúlycsökkento programban 63, az egyéves utánkövetésben pedig 49 felnott vett részt. A résztvevok antropometriai mutatói mellett (testtömeg, testmagasság) az evési magatartást és a testsúlycélokat a Háromfaktoros Evési Kérdoívvel, illetve a Célok és Relatív Testsúlyok Kérdoívvel mértük fel. Eredmények: A résztvevok közel 90%-a elérte a professzionális testsúlycsökkento módszerek esetében elvárható legalább 5-10%-os fogyást, az evési magatartás pozitív irányban változott, testsúlycéljaik reálisabbak lettek. A fogyás szignifikáns, fordított kapcsolatban volt az aktuális és az álomsúly, az aktuális és a vágyott, valamint az aktuális és az elfogadható testsúly közötti eltéréssel. Következtetés: A kognitív viselkedésterápia széles körben alkalmazható, hatékony testsúlycsökkento módszer, amelynek sikerében fontos szerepet játszanak a reálisan kituzött testsúlycélok. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(28): 1119-1128. INTRODUCTION: Obesity has become one of the most challenging issues, as the excess body-weight is a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases and has serious psychological and social consequences. The cognitive behavioral approach to weight loss had been shown an effective treatment, in which realistic weight target setting is essential, because unrealistic expectations can hinder the effort for a successful long-term weight management. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our prospective study was to investigate as to how weight loss is influenced by realistic and unrealistic weight targets in a cognitive behavioral weight loss program. We hypothesized that the participants come with unrealistic weight loss expectations, which become more realistic by the end of the program and remain realistic for the follow-up. In addition, a positive change was expected in the eating behavior of the participants during the program. METHOD: The program was completed by 63 people, 49 subjects participated in the 1-year follow-up. Anthropometric data were obtained and the participants were asked to fill in the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire - Revised 21 items and the Goals and Relative Weights Questionnaire. RESULTS: According to the results, the program is effective, since nearly 90% of the participants reached at least 5-10% weight loss as expected by professional weight loss methods. Besides weight loss there were positive changes in the participants' eating behavior; weight targets became more realistic. Weight loss was inversely related to the difference between actual and dream, actual and desired as well as between actual and acceptable weight. CONCLUSION: Our results in accordance with previous studies show that cognitive behavioral weight loss programs can be effective; however, setting up realistic weight targets can be crucial in successful weight loss. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(28): 1119-1128.

[Developmental psychopathological characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder]. / A kényszeres zavar fejlodéspszichopatológiai jellemzoi.

According to the currently available research data obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)is a disorder of multifactorial etiology, the causes of which include biological, genetic and environmental-social factors alike. Based on an etiology of that kind, it is justifiable to conduct a developmental psychopathological review of OCD, which may lead, through an exploration of the different factors involved, to a deeper understanding of the disorder's overall nature and specific characteristics, as well as to the development of the most efficient therapies possible. The main objective of the present comprehensive study is the developmental psychopathological analysis of the OCD, including the review of the evolutionary approaches and genetic and environmental factors, as well as an exploration of OCD's age-specific forms of manifestation, based on the recent research results and analyses available in the professional literature. According to our present knowledge, the genetic linkage of early-onset OCD is greater than that of the late-onset variant, as the onset of the syndrome can be attributed to genetic factors to the extent of 40-60%, coupled with the contribution of environmental factors like perinatal disorders, reproductive cycle, childhood infections, familial circumstances, age of the parents and traumatic life events. Evolutionary theories address OCD from a functional perspective. They strive to attribute it primarily to individual or group selection theories that a quite heterogeneous OCD syndrome, which is therapeutically difficult to change, remains to present itself with close to identical, invariably high prevalence in all cultures despite the difficulties. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is present in all ages, and it is often difficult to determine whether we are faced with a healthy or a pathological behavior, as certain obsessive phenomena may appear as part of normal development. The analysis of OCD's etiology, a better understanding of the respective function of specific symptoms, a thorough exploration of age-specific variants of the disorder, i.e. a developmental psychopathological analysis of OCD, is of key importance from diagnostic, therapeutic and vocational rehabilitation aspects alike.

How the obsession to eat healthy food meets with the willingness to do sports: the motivational background of orthorexia nervosa.

PURPOSE: Given its relevance, the present study sought to reveal the motivational background of orthorexia nervosa (ON) and to examine its association to do sports. METHODS: A total number of 739 participants completed a self-administered, online questionnaire including questions related to sports and three scales: Ortho-11-Hu, Motivation for Healthy Behaviors in Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire (MHBONQ) and Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI). The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 72 years (M = 29.67, SD = 10.18) and 79.16% of them were female. The majority of the subjects trained 3-4 times a week (37.2%), usually for 1-2 h per week (25.8%). RESULTS: According to the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, social desirability, guilt over skipping training and health anxiety were the strongest predictors of ON with explaining 46% of the variance of ON. DISCUSSION: The results of the present study suggested that obsessive features of sport activities (guilt over skipping training, counting calories during training) play an important role in ON. People with a higher level of ON tend to reach other people's respect, protect their general health and regulate negative emotional states through healthy eating. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.

People behind unhealthy obsession to healthy food: the personality profile of tendency to orthorexia nervosa.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to measure the personality profile of people with high orthorexic tendency using an assessment method which is acknowledged in the research of the classical eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS: In our research, 739 participants completed a self-administered, online questionnaire consisting of two measures: Temperament and Character Inventory-56 (TCI-56) and Ortho-11-Hu. RESULTS: The orthorexia nervosa (ON) grouping variable has a significant effect on three factors of TCI: MANOVA revealed higher harm avoidance (F (2, 736) = 19.01, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.05), lower self-directedness (F (2, 736) = 22.55, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.06), and higher transcendence (F (2, 736) = 3.05, p = 0.048, η2 = 0.01) in the higher ON group, compared to the lower ON group, regardless of the effect of the risk groups. CONCLUSIONS: According to earlier studies, high harm avoidance and low self-directedness are relevant factors of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and OCD, but now it also seems to be an important parameter of orthorexia. Nevertheless, higher transcendence may be a unique feature, which suggests that orthorexia seems to be an independent phenomenon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V, descriptive cross-sectional study.