Low serum albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and body mass are risk factors for frailty in elderly people with diabetes-a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is broadly characterized by vulnerability and decline in physical, mental and social activities and is more common in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Frailty is closely associated with nutrition, muscle strength, inflammation, and hormones etc. In hormones, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol are suggested to be such candidates affecting frailty. Little investigation has been performed using a wider range of measures of frailty to clarify risk factors for frailty including the above two hormones. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the risk factors for frailty in elderly T2DM patients (n = 148; ≥65 years), using a broad assessment, the clinical frailty scale. We compared parameters between the non-frail and frail groups using the unpaired t and Mann-Whitney U tests. The Jonckheere-Therpstra test was used to identify relationships with the severity of frailty, and risk factors were identified using binary regression analysis. RESULTS: Simple regression analysis identified a number of significant risk factors for frailty, including DHEAS < 70 µg/dL and cortisol/DHEA-S ratio ≥ 0.2. Multiple regression analysis showed that low albumin (< 4.0 g/dl) (odds ratio [OR] = 5.79, p < 0.001), low aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (< 25 IU/L) (OR = 4.34, p = 0.009), and low body mass (BM) (< 53 kg) (OR = 3.85, p = 0.012) were independent risk factors for frailty. A significant decrease in DHEA-S and a significant increase in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio occurred alongside increases in the severity of frailty. DHEA-S concentration positively correlated with both serum albumin and BM. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoalbuminemia, low AST, and low BM are independent risk factors for frailty in elderly T2DM patients, strongly implying relative malnutrition in these frail patients. DHEA-S may be important for the maintenance of liver function and BM. A decrease in DHEA-S and an increase in the cortisol/DHEAS ratio may be involved in the mechanism of the effect of malnutrition in elderly T2DM patients.

A High Serum Cortisol/DHEA-S Ratio Is a Risk Factor for Sarcopenia in Elderly Diabetic Patients.

CONTEXT: Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a high prevalence of frailty and/or sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is thought to be related to discordant secretions of the adrenal hormones cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), as well as the sulfate ester of DHEA (DHEA-S). The current study sought to evaluate the risk factors for sarcopenia in elderly patients with T2DM. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: We enrolled 108 consecutive elderly patients aged ≥65 years with T2DM (mean age, 76.2 ± 7.3 years; 43.5% males). Sarcopenia was assessed and diagnosed based on the Asian version of the diagnostic criteria regarding muscular strength, physical function, and muscle mass. We assessed various physical parameters, blood tests, and atherosclerosis markers and statistically determined the risk factors for sarcopenia. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for sarcopenia were a serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio ≥0.2, diastolic blood pressure <70 mm Hg, Hb concentration <13 g/dL, and an ankle brachial index <1.0. The strongest risk factor for sarcopenia was a serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio ≥0.2. An increase in the serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio reflected higher cortisol values and lower DHEA-S values in patients with sarcopenia compared with those in nonsarcopenic patients. The concentrations of cortisol and DHEA-S, as well as the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio, changed in accordance with the severity of sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS: A relative increase in cortisol may reflect the presence of stress and stimulate muscle catabolism, whereas a relative decrease in DHEA-S may cause a decrease in the anabolic action of DHEA on muscle; the combination of these factors may lead to sarcopenia.

Low glycated hemoglobin level is associated with severity of frailty in Japanese elderly diabetes patients.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Previously, a study using a narrowly defined (physical base) frailty scale reported that both good and bad (U-shaped curve) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were frailty risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, no such studies in Japan have shown this. We aimed to evaluate the frailty risk factors including HbA1c in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a broadly defined (both physical and psychosocial base) frailty scale, the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We randomly enrolled 132 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (aged ≥65 years) and categorized the patients into nine stages of frailty using CFS. Because no patient had CFS 9, patients with a CFS score of 1-4 and 5-8 were defined as non-frail and frail, respectively. We attempted to identify the risk factors of frailty by investigating the association between CFS stage and various patient factors. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that an increase in age, low levels of albumin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, total cholesterol, and bodyweight were statistically significant and strong independent risk factors for frailty, suggesting that reverse metabolism owing to malnutrition in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients might be involved. CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c level was not a U-shaped risk for frailty, suggesting that relatively good glycemic control might be more important for frailty than poor control in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Photooxidation pathway of chlorophyll Z in photosystem II as Studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The oxidation pathway of chlorophyll Z (ChlZ) in photosystem II (PSII) at cryogenic temperatures was studied by means of light-induced Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy. To examine the involvement of redox-active beta-carotene (Car) in the pathway, two Car molecules in Mn-depleted PSII membranes of spinach were selectively bleached by illumination at 250 K in the presence of ferricyanide and silicomolybdate. Successful bleaching of Car was demonstrated by disappearance of the light-induced FTIR signals of Car+ at 1465, 1440, and 1147 cm(-1) at 80 K under an oxidative condition. Even in the Car-bleached PSII, the ChlZ+/ChlZ signal at 1713/1687 cm(-1), which is attributed to the upshift of the 9-keto C=O band of ChlZ upon its oxidation, was induced by illumination at 80 K retaining about 80% of the intensity of the control PSII sample. The concomitant appearance of shoulders at 1727/1699 cm(-1) may indicate that both of the two ChlZ molecules on the D1 and D2 sides are photooxidized. The multiphasic kinetics of formation of the ChlZ+/ChlZ signal by continuous illumination at 80 K were mostly unchanged by Car depletion, while the formation rates at 210 K were appreciably reduced in Car-bleached PSII. These results indicate that there are electron-transfer pathways from ChlZ to P680+ that do not involve Car, and they are indeed dominant at 80 K. Although the pathways via Car are mostly blocked at this temperature, the contribution of such pathways to ChlZ oxidation becomes significant at higher temperatures.