Enhancing Phenol Conversion Rates in Saline Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Using Acetate and Butyrate as Additional Carbon and Energy Sources.

Phenolic industrial wastewater, such as those from coal gasification, are considered a challenge for conventional anaerobic wastewater treatment systems because of its extreme characteristics such as presence of recalcitrant compounds, high toxicity, and salinity. However, anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are considered of potential interest since they retain all micro-organism that are required for conversion of the complex organics. In this study, the degradation of phenol as main carbon and energy source (CES) in AnMBRs at high salinity (8.0 g Na+⋅L-1) was evaluated, as well as the effect of acetate and an acetate-butyrate mixture as additional CES on the specific phenol conversion rate and microbial community structure. Three different experiments in two lab-scale (6.5 L) AnMBRs (35°C) were conducted. The first reactor (R1) was fed with phenol as the main CES, the second reactor was fed with phenol and either acetate [2 g COD⋅L-1], or a 2:1 acetate-butyrate [2 g COD⋅L-1] mixture as additional CES. Results showed that phenol conversion could not be sustained when phenol was the sole CES. In contrast, when the reactor was fed with acetate or an acetate-butyrate mixture, specific phenol conversion rates of 115 and 210 mgPh⋅gVSS-1 d-1, were found, respectively. The syntrophic phenol degrader Syntrophorhabdus sp. and the acetoclastic methanogen Methanosaeta sp. were the dominant bacteria and archaea, respectively, with corresponding relative abundances of up to 63 and 26%. The findings showed that dosage of additional CES allowed the development of a highly active phenol-degrading biomass, potentially improving the treatment of industrial and chemical wastewaters.

Ex vivo evaluation of various instrumentation techniques and irrigants in reducing E. faecalis within root canals.

AIM: To evaluate ex vivo the effectiveness of single-file instrumentation techniques compared with serial Ni-Ti rotary instrumentation with several irrigation regimens in reducing E. faecalis within root canals. METHODOLOGY: A total of 81 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with a single root canal were infected with E. faecalis before and after canal preparation. Samples were divided randomly into 9 groups, as follows: group 1-A: sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file, group 1-B: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + Self-adjusting file, group 1-C: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + Self-adjusting file, group 2-A: sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Reciproc (R25), group 2-B: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + Reciproc (R25), group 2-C: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + Reciproc (R25), group 3-A: sterile phosphate-buffered saline + ProTaper, group 3-B: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + ProTaper, group 3-C: 5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + ProTaper. anova was used to analyse statistically the differences in terms of reduction in colony counts between the groups, and Dunn's post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: All techniques and irrigation regimens significantly reduced the number of bacterial cells in the root canal (P < 0.001). Comparisons amongst the groups revealed significant differences between group 1A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file)/group 1B (5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + Self-adjusting file) (P = 0.031), group 1A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file)/group 2C (5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + Reciproc) (P = 0.003), group 2A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Reciproc)/group 3B (5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + ProTaper) (P = 0.036), group 3B (5% sodium hypochlorite + 15% EDTA + ProTaper)/group 1A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file) (P < 0.001), and group 3C (5% sodium hypochlorite + 7% maleic acid + ProTaper)/group 1A (sterile phosphate-buffered saline + Self-adjusting file) (P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in terms of reduction in microbial counts were observed between single-file techniques (SAF and Reciproc) and serial Ni-Ti instrumentation technique (ProTaper) in combination with irrigants.

[Detection of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) IgG and IgM by ELISA in cord blood and sera of mothers with pregnancy complications]. / Gebelikle ilgili sorunlari bulunan anne serumlarinda ve bebek kordon serumlarinda, ELISA ile herpes simpleks virus-1 ve 2 (HSV-1 ve HSV-2) IgG ve IgM'nin arastirilmasi.

In this study, HSV-1 IgG, IgM and HSV-2 IgG, IgM antibodies by ELISA in the sera of the mothers who had different kinds of obstetrical problems like abortus, stillbirth, prematurity, postmaturity, intrauterine development retardation and in the newborns' cord sera who had congenital anomalies like anencephaly, cataract and dolichocephaly were investigated. In these mothers HSV-1 IgG positivity ratio was 71/73 (97.3%). There was no significant difference in the age group distribution of HSV-1 IgG. The HSV-1 IgG positivity ratios in mother sera were the same as in cord sera. It was found that HSV-1 IgG antibodies passed transplacentally. It was established that one of the subjects had premature baby and the other had stillbirth inspite of HSV-1 IgG negativity but in the risk group subjects. HSV-1 IgM was found positive in 7 mothers (9.6%) of the study group. This data was the sign of active or reactive infection. There were 3 abortus, 1 stillbirth and 3 anomalous baby in HSV-1 IgM seropositive mothers. In these mothers, 65/73 (89%) HSV-2 IgG and 6/73 (8%) HSV-2 IgM seropositivity were defined. In the cord sera these ratios were 65/73 (89%) and 2/73 (2.7%). IgM seropositivity of the material of the mothers who had abortus was explained by the effect of HSV-2 activity and the presence of HSV-2 IgM, 4 mothers were noted for the active or reactive infection sign. It was understood that HSV-2 IgG passed completely via placenta and there were no significant difference between the presence of the antibody and the age group.

[Demonstration of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG using ELISA in transsexuals and homosexuals]. / Transseksüel ve homoseksüellerde, ELISA ile, chlamydia trachomatis IgG'nin gösterilmesi.

In this study, 27 sera samples collected from transsexuals and homosexuals have been searched for Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies with ELISA. Anti-Chlamydia IgG have been found positive in 18 cases (66.7%). In our study group there were no clinical symptoms except one case of transsexuals. Seropositivity rate of homosexuals (8/15) and transsexuals (10/12) were found to be important for transmitting the disease.

[Demonstration of cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG and IgM in homosexuals and transsexuals using ELISA]. / Homoseksüel ve transseksüellerde cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG ve IgM'nin ELISA ile gösterilmesi.

In this study, 27 sera which belong to 15 homosexuals and 12 transsexuals have been searched for CMV IgG and CMV IgM antibodies with ELISA. 25 transsexuals and homosexuals were within 18-30 age group and the other two transsexuals were 36 years old. 12 cases of transsexuals have been operated on vaginoplasty before this search. These cases have been given anamnesis with generally continuing sexual course after they were 12 years old. There weren't important clinical signs and symptoms in 27 cases which were searched for sexual identity and other reasons in Ankara University, Medicine Faculty of Forensic Medicine Department. In 24 cases of studying groups have been found CMV IgG positive (88.9%) and 6 cases have been found CMV IgM seropositive (22.2%). Although CMV IgG have been found positive in all of transsexuals, ELISA-CMV IgM have been found 3 homosexuals and 3 transsexuals. We have accepted CMV IgM seropositivity which was a sign for acute, active and reactive infectious disease. Although CMV IgM have been found negative in 21 cases, 18 cases have been found CMV IgM seropositivity which have been accepted for a sign of earlier infectious disease. 3 cases have been found to be negative for both CMV IgG and IgM. Homosexuals had several sexual contact diseases such as bacterial, protozoal and viral infection. CMV infection must be kept in mind when mentioning about community health which deals with latent and active CMV infectious diagnosis.

[Demonstration of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 IgG and IgM using ELISA in transsexuals and homosexuals]. / Transseksüel ve homoseksüellerde herpes simplekes virus (HSV)-2 IgG ve IgM'nin ELISA ile gösterilmesi.

In this study, the sera of 12 cases of transsexual with vaginoplasty and 15 cases of homosexual have been investigated with ELISA from the view point of HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies. Twenty-five cases were within the 18-26 age groups and the other 2 transsexuals were 36 years old. Our studying group have no significant clinical pathology. In all the 27 cases of transsexual and homosexual have been found to be positive for HSV-2 IgG. In 7 cases, HSV-2 IgM have been found positive, the other 20 cases have been found negative results. In the one third of the transsexuals and one fifth of the transsexuals HSV-2 IgG have been found positive. Twenty-six per cent of seropositivity in transsexuals and homosexuals show that they form significant risk group from the point of view of HSV-2 infection.

[Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in endocervical samples and serum IgG antibodies in sterile-infertile women using ELISA]. / Steril-infertil olgularin endoservikal sürüntü örneklerinde chlamydia trachomatis antijeninin ve serulmarinda IgG antikolarinin ELISA ile arastirilmasi.

In this study, Ch.trachomatis antigen was investigated by ELISA, endocervical swab material of 35 infertile and sterile women, and 4 of them were antigen positive. All of these 4 cases were secondary sterile and 3 of them showed Ch.trachomatis IgG seropositivity. Chlamydia IgG seropositivity was seen in 8 of 35 cases. In this study, 68 patients were investigated for Ch.trachomatis IgG antibodies and 17 patients were found to be seropositive. These findings indicate the importance of Ch.trachomatis infections and the effect of recurrent infections on tubal factor infertility.

[Determination of Toxoplasma IgM by ELISA in maternal blood and cord blood of infants born with abnormalities or fetal death]. / Olü veya anomalili bebek dogumu yapan anne serumlarinda ve bebeklerin kordon serumlarinda, elisa ile toksoplazma IgM'nin arastirilmasi.

In this study, Toxoplasma IgM antibodies in serum samples of 54 women who had maternal problems like abortion, preterm, fetal exitus, delivery with pediatric anomalies have been investigated with ELISA. In the cord sera of babies of these mothers, Toxo-IgM has been investigated too. Six mothers have been found to be Toxo-IgM seropositivity (11.11%). Toxo-IgM has been found negative in all of the cord samples. Three of Toxo-IgM positive mothers had fetal exitus and one of them had intrauterine growth retardation. One pregnancy has been terminated as abortion, the other as newborn with multiple anomalies. We have found out that active, latent or reactive toxoplasmosis have to be discriminated and for this purpose detection of Toxo-IgM levels is useful.

[Detection of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV) IgG and IgM using ELISA in transsexuals and homosexuals]. / Transseksüel ve homoseksüellerde Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 IgG ve IgM'nin ELISA ile gösterilmesi.

In this study, the sera of 12 cases of transsexuals with vaginoplasty and 15 cases of homosexuals have been investigated with ELISA from the view point of HSV-2 IgG and IgM. Twenty-five cases were within the 18-26 age groups and the other 2 transsexuals were 36 years old. Our study group has not significant clinical pathology. All of the 27 cases of transsexuals and homosexuals have been found positive for HSV-2 IgG. In 7 cases HSV-2 IgM have been found positive, the other 20 cases gave negative results. In the one third of the transsexuals and one fifth of the homosexuals, HSV-2 IgG have been found positive. Twenty-six percent of seropositivity in transsexuals and homosexuals show that they are the significant risk group for HSV-2 infection.

[Cytomegalovirus IgM amd IgG antibodies in the sera of patients with acute and chronic upper respiratory infections]. / Akut veya kronik üst solunum yolu infeksiyonlarinda cytomegalovirus IgM ve IgG varliginin arastirilmasi.

In this study we looked for CMV IgM and IgG antibodies in the sera of 100 patients (58 women, 42 men) with upper respiratory tract infection. CMV IgG antibodies were positive in 47 (47%) patients and CMV IgM antibodies were positive in 32 (32%) patients. Both CMV IgM and CMV IgG antibodies were positive in 18 (18%) of the patients and in 14 (14%) patients CMV IgM were positive and CMV IgG were negative. With this serological event we discussed the diagnostic value of CMV IgM and CMV IgG in the patients with upper respiratory tract infections.

[Antibiotic susceptibility of group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus]. / A grubu beta hemolitik streptokoklarin antibiyotiklere duyarliligi.

In this study, we researched the susceptibility of group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus to antibiotics which are isolated from 218 Aydinlikevler primary blind boarding school students aged between 7-16 and a group of patient's throat and nose culture with acute and chronic upper respiratory tract infection. The susceptibility to 9 antibiotics of (100) group A Beta hemolytic Streptococcus which were isolated 52 from throat, 48 from nasal discharge were examined by the method of disc diffusion test after determination of the colony, hemolysis and staining characteristics also the sensibility to optochine and bacitracin (0.04 U) discs colonies. The antibiotic resistance ratio are observed as 24%. For Penicillin-G, 59% for Ampicillin, 17% for Amoxicillin, 31% for Methicillin, 22% for Cephalexin, 33% for Carbenicillin, 77% for Lincomycin, 60% for Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole, 26% for Chloramphenicol. This finding shows that group A Beta hemolytic Streptococcus are getting being resistant to this 9 antibiotics. Also this results indicate that the treatment after antibiotic susceptibility test of group A Beta hemolytic Streptococcus is more effective.