RESUMO
Advances in genomics, molecular pathology and metabolism have generated many candidate biomarkers of colorectal cancer with potential clinical value. Epidemiological and biological studies suggest a role for adiposity, dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinemia, altered glucose homeostasis, and elevated expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis members in the risk and prognosis of cancer. This review discusses some recent past and current approaches being taken by researches in obesity and metabolic disorders. The authors describe three main systems as the most studied metabolic candidates of carcinogenesis: dyslipidemias, adipokines and insulin/IGF axis. However, each of these components is unsuccessful in defining the diseases risk and progression, while their co-occurrence increases cancer incidence and mortality in both men and women.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Neoplasias Colorretais/sangue , Metabolômica , Adipocinas/sangue , Animais , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Dislipidemias/sangue , Dislipidemias/complicações , Transtornos do Metabolismo de Glucose/sangue , Transtornos do Metabolismo de Glucose/complicações , Humanos , Lipídeos/sangue , Metabolômica/métodos , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Somatomedinas/metabolismoAssuntos
Depressão/etiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
This paper presents a new, recently formulated theory, which concerns the etiopathological process of autoimmune diseases. This theory takes into account the existence in the human genome, since approximately 40 million years, of so-called human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which are transmitted to descendants "vertically" by the germ cells. It was recently established that these generally silent sequences perform some physiological roles, but occasionally become active and influence the development of some chronic diseases like diabetes, some neoplasms, chronic diseases of the nervous system (eg, sclerosis multiplex), schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases. We present a short synopsis of immunological processes involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and activation of the superantigen. We then focus on experimental findings related to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome and some diseases of hepar and otorhinal tissues. We conclude the outline of this new model of the development of chronic diseases and indicate the conclusions important for the teaching of the basis of pathology.
