Long-term detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in individual and bulk tank milk from a dairy herd with a low prevalence of Johne's disease.

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants and is shed into the milk of infected cows, which contributes to the controversial discussion about a possible link between MAP and Crohn's disease in humans. The aim of the study was to investigate the risk for the entry of MAP in the food chain via milk from dairy farms with subclinical JD. Therefore, the occurrence of MAP in the milk of a dairy herd with a low prevalence of JD was studied in single and bulk tank milk samples over a period of 23 mo and compared with MAP shedding into feces. Milk, fecal, and blood samples were taken from all cows older than 1.5 yr of age at the beginning and the end of the trial and analyzed for MAP or specific antibodies. In addition, 63 cows (33 MAP infected and 30 MAP noninfected) were selected for monthly sampling. Raw and pasteurized bulk tank milk samples were collected on a monthly basis. The milk samples were tested for MAP by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the fecal samples were tested for bacterial shedding by qPCR or solid culture. Based on the results of the herd investigations, the prevalence of cows shedding MAP was around 5%; no cases of clinical JD were observed during the study period. The results of the ELISA showed high variation, with 2.1 to 5.1% positive milk samples and 14.9 to 18.8% ELISA-positive blood samples. Monthly milk sampling revealed low levels of MAP shedding into the individual milk samples of both MAP-infected and noninfected cows, with only 13 cows shedding the bacterium into milk during the study period. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was not detected by qPCR in any raw or pasteurized bulk tank milk sample throughout the study. A significant positive association could be found between MAP shedding into milk and feces. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that MAP is only shed via milk in a small proportion of cows with subclinical JD for a limited period of time and is diluted below the detection level of qPCR within the bulk tank milk of these herds. These findings indicate that dairy herds subclinically infected with JD pose only a minor source for human MAP consumption with milk and milk products.

Outcome of three commercial serum ELISAs and faecal detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in consecutive samples from a cattle herd with low prevalence of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease).

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in ruminants is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Owing to the lack of accurate laboratory tests, diagnosis is challenging in subclinically infected cattle. To evaluate the long-term performance of serum ELISAs for the detection of paratuberculosis in a dairy herd with low MAP-prevalence, three investigations of all the cows and the consecutive testing of 33 cows suspected to be infected with MAP and 30 cows classified as MAP free were performed over a period of 22 months. Blood samples were tested by three commercial serum ELISAs, MAP shedding was detected by bacteriological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The ELISA results varied in a wide range in the herd investigations with 1.2% to 18.8% positive samples, the faecal samples were positive for MAP between 1.8% and 4.9% in the three herd investigations. Over the study period, ELISA-positive serum samples varied between 0.0% and 69.7% in MAP-suspicious and 0.0% and 17.6% in MAP-unsuspicious cows with a poor correlation between ELISAs and faecal shedding. The correlation coefficient of the optical density values of the three ELISAs varied between 0.348 and 0.61. Evidence of cow specific variations of residuals was found in all linear models. The linear mixed models showed relevant contribution of cow specific variation in explanation of the residual variances. They also showed significant effects of the explanatory ELISA, the group (MAP-suspicious or MAP-unsuspicious) and the time of sampling. It can be concluded that the choice of the laboratory test significantly influences the outcome of the testing for MAP and that none of the three ELISAs can be thoroughly recommended as single test for the early diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle. Test results should always be interpreted with caution to avoid erroneous decisions and the disappointment of those engaged in the abatement of paratuberculosis.

The Styrian Salmonella Monitoring Programme for pork production.

The Styrian Salmonella Monitoring Programme for pork production is based on a representative analysis of the current status, serological meat juice monitoring and bacteriological tests of carcass halves and parts and has been in operation since 1999. A total of 34 170 meat juice samples from 3417 finisher herds were tested using the meat juice SALMOTYPE-ELISA (Labor Diagnostik, Leipzig, Germany) in the period from 1999 to 2003. More than 95% of the samples investigated were below the negative cut-off of <20% based on the 5-year average. The mean extinction values for meat juice samples showed regional differences, which were visualized for epidemiological purposes using the VETGIS geographical information system (Department of Veterinary Administration, Graz, Austria). Salmonella spp. were detected in only 15 cases (0.13%) of a total of 11 330 bacteriologically tested wipe samples from meat-processing plants. The Salmonella isolates detected included four S. Typhimurium, two S. Enteritidis PT 4, five S. Infantis, one S. Bredeny, one S. Saintpaul, one S. Brenderup and one S. Livingstone isolates. The proportion of Salmonella-contaminated pork in the total population estimated from the annual sample showed a falling tendency. It decreased from 0.48% (CI: 0.23 < or = P < or = 0.85) in 1999 to 0.14% (CI: 0.07 < or = P < or = 0.24) in 2003. The contamination of Styrian pork with Salmonella is extremely low and thus poses a negligible risk of infection to consumers.