Use of the skeletal survey in the evaluation of child maltreatment.

The radiologic skeletal survey is an important tool for evaluating occult trauma in suspected child abuse. The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the incidence of clinically unsuspected fractures detected by skeletal survey, and (2) to identify high-risk groups of children who would benefit from skeletal surveys. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 203 children admitted over a 30-month period to Children's National Medical Center for alleged physical abuse. Skeletal surveys were ordered based on the treating physicians' clinical suspicions. Patients in whom skeletal surveys were positive for an occult fracture were studied in more detail. There were 96 skeletal surveys performed; of these, 25 were positive for at least 1 clinically unsuspected fracture. Eighty percent of occult fractures were found in children younger than 1 year old. Presenting with a new fracture or an intracranial injury placed the child at higher risk of occult fracture. In contrast, patients with burn injuries had a very low yield of occult fractures. The patient's age and type of suspicious injury can help guide the physician as to when to obtain a skeletal survey.

Dental floss ingestion requiring endoscopic retrieval.

We report an unusual case of a toddler who ingested dental floss and who subsequently was intubated in a community ED prior to transfer to our pediatric tertiary care center for endoscopic removal of the foreign body.

A comparison of the initial to the later stream urine in children catheterized to evaluate for a urinary tract infection.

BACKGROUND: To avoid potential contamination, it is recommended that the first few drops of urine be discarded when obtaining a catheterized urine sample from a child being evaluated for a urinary tract infection (UTI). The existing evidence to make such a recommendation is scant. Our goal, therefore, was to determine whether the urinalysis, Gram stain, and culture results were significantly different from the initial and later urine samples collected from catheterized children. METHODS: A prospective diagnostic discrimination between early and later urine samples was conducted on a convenience sample of pediatric patients being evaluated for a UTI in an urban emergency department. Results of the urinalysis, Gram stain, and quantitative culture were compared between the early and later stream urine samples. RESULTS: Data from 86 children were analyzed. Four of 80 patients had a false identification of low colony count bacteruria from the early but not from the later stream. For patients with negative cultures, the early stream was also more likely to falsely identify > or =5 wbc/hpf (P<0.01) or bacteruria (P<0.05) on urinalysis than the later stream. CONCLUSIONS: There is a small but potentially meaningful contamination of the early stream urine compared with the later stream in young children catheterized to evaluate for a urinary tract infection.

Fatal accidental dibucaine poisoning in children.

Dibucaine is a potent amide anesthetic available in over-the-counter preparations. Compared with lidocaine, substantially lower doses of dibucaine may result in seizures, dysrhythmias, and death. We present three fatal cases of accidental dibucaine ingestion in children and discuss the toxicity, treatment, and prevention of such ingestions.

Emergency department evaluation of a rapid assay for detection of cocaine metabolites in urine specimens.

We evaluated the Abuscreen ONTRAK assay for cocaine metabolites, a rapid immunoassay for the detection of cocaine metabolites in a pediatric emergency department (ED) setting. The ONTRAK uses a cutoff point of 300 micrograms/L for benzoylecgonine (BEC), cocaine's major urinary metabolite. One hundred and thirty-two urine specimens obtained from infants, children, and adolescents whose clinical findings warranted toxicology screening were evaluated. The ONTRAK identified all 15 specimens with BEC values of 300 micrograms/L, but did not detect seven additional specimens positive for cocaine metabolites at concentrations less than 300 micrograms/L. One third of the positive specimens for cocaine metabolite identified by fluorescent polarization immunoassay (FPIA), cutoff point set at 80 micrograms/L, and confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GUMS), cutoff point 50 micrograms/L, were not detected by the ONTRAK. These false negative specimens were seen exclusively in young children, whose concentration of cocaine metabolite was less than the ONTRAK's cutoff value. The test was sensitive to drug concentration at or around the stated cutoff values. The ONTRAK test for cocaine metabolites, although both a sensitive and specific screening test for adolescents who smoke or snort cocaine, lacks the sensitivity to be a useful screening too[ for detecting cocaine metabolites in young children. Limitations of currently performed toxicology screening tests (ie, stated cutoff levels) may cause emergency physicians to miss most young children whose symptoms may he related to cocaine exposure.

Idiopathic, bilateral pneumothorax: case report in a young child.

Unilateral, idiopathic pneumothorax (IP) is relatively common and occurs predominantly in males in their teens and twenties, with 85% presenting before age forty. In contrast, bilateral IP occurs rarely, with only three cases reported from 1977-87. To our knowledge, only one case of bilateral IP has been reported in the pediatric population, an adolescent male with likely recurrent disease. We present a case of a 7-year-old child with bilateral IP and discuss the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of this entity.

A comprehensive review of naloxone for the emergency physician.

Naloxone has enjoyed long-standing success as a safe and effective opioid antagonist and has been invaluable in defining the role of endogenous opioid pathways in the response to pathological states such as sepsis and hypovolemia. We look forward to exciting research to further elucidate these pathways and to improve outcome by modulating the patient's physiological response to these stresses.

Single-dose ceftriaxone versus 10 days of cefaclor for otitis media.

We conducted a controlled clinical trial to determine the efficacy of single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone for the treatment of acute otitis media. Fifty-four children aged 18 months to 6 years with clinical and tympanometric evidence of otitis media were randomized to receive either 50 mg/kg ceftriaxone or 10 days of oral cefaclor 40 mg/kg/day. Resolution of symptoms and clinical and tympanometric appearance of the tympanic membrane at follow-up visits were used to determine outcome. Thirty-one children received ceftriaxone and 23 received oral cefaclor. There were no treatment failures. There were no significant differences between groups in persistence of effusion or recurrence of acute otitis media. We conclude that a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone compares favorably with 10 days of oral cefaclor for the treatment of acute otitis media.

Age and outcome in pediatric cervical spine injury: 11-year experience.

Age-related outcome in children with cervical spine injury has not been previously reported. We performed a retrospective chart review of all children with cervical spine injury who presented to a children's hospital during an 11-year period; 73 patients were identified. Their mean age was 8.6 years, with bimodal peaks at 2 to 4 and 12 to 15 years. Sixty-seven percent of the injuries were traffic-related, resulting from motor vehicle crashes affecting passengers, pedestrians, or bicyclists. Distraction and subluxation injuries were the most common injuries in children aged eight years or younger, whereas fractures were more common in older children. Younger children sustained more severe injuries than older children, as measured by the Revised Trauma Score, Injury Severity Score, and Trauma Score-Injury Severity Score estimated probability of survival, and were more likely to sustain injuries to higher levels of the cervical spine. Deaths occurred exclusively in children eight years old or younger, but the rate of occurrence of neurologic disability was similar in both groups: 26% in those eight years old and under, and 25% in those more than eight years old. The mortality in younger patients was not caused exclusively by the higher level of cervical injury, but it occurred more often in the presence of head injury and multiple trauma.

Use of activated charcoal in a simulated poisoning with acetaminophen: a new loading dose for N-acetylcysteine?

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the ability of a supranormal dose of N-acetylcysteine to overcome the effects of activated charcoal on N-acetylcysteine bioavailability and to determine the effects of activated charcoal on serum acetaminophen levels. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Ten healthy adult volunteers participated in a controlled cross-over experiment. During phase I (control), subjects ingested 3 g acetaminophen, followed one hour later by the normal loading dose of N-acetylcysteine (140 mg/kg). During phase II (charcoal), subjects ingested 3 g acetaminophen, followed one hour later by 60 g activated charcoal and a supranormal loading dose of N-acetylcysteine (235 mg/kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum levels of N-acetylcysteine were measured every 30 minutes for six hours. A serum acetaminophen level was measured at four hours. RESULTS: The area under the curve for N-acetylcysteine was significantly higher for phase II than phase I (P < .05, two-tailed paired t-test). Peak N-acetylcysteine and time to peak were not significantly different. The four-hour serum acetaminophen level was significantly lower for phase II than phase I (P < .05, two-tailed paired t-test). Diarrhea occurred during both phases, but N-acetylcysteine was otherwise well tolerated. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that activated charcoal can be used safely for victims of acetaminophen overdose. A beneficial effect in preventing acetaminophen absorption can be expected if it is given within one hour after ingestion. If N-acetylcysteine is needed because of a toxic serum acetaminophen level, bioavailability can be ensured by increasing the N-acetylcysteine loading dose from 140 mg/kg to 235 mg/kg.

Management of children with epiglottitis during transport: analysis of a survey.

Because nationally accepted guidelines for the management of children with epiglottitis during transport have not been published, we surveyed physicians attending the 1990 Pediatric Critical Care Transport Leadership Conference in order to delineate current practices and to test for correlations between complications and methods of management. A 22-item questionnaire was distributed, addressing demographics, availability and composition of a designated transport team, methods of airway management, use of medications for sedation or paralysis, monitoring techniques, and complications encountered during transport. Forty-three of the 49 attendees completed the questionnaire (87.8%). Almost all were attending physicians (60.9% pediatric intensivists, 29.3% pediatric emergency physicians) practicing in tertiary care facilities (58.5% in children's hospitals, 41.5% in general hospitals). Eighty-three percent of centers had designated transport teams. For transfer of a child with suspected epiglottitis from a physician's office, virtually all respondents recommended transport by ambulance, 64% to the nearest facility and 36% directly to a tertiary care center. Regarding interhospital transfers, 49% recommended intubation prior to transport in all cases, whereas 49% considered it on an individual basis. The majority of respondents preferred nasal intubation. To prevent dislocation of the endotracheal tube, 79.1% recommended taping it to the face only (as opposed to around the skull), 70.7% administered paralytic agents, but only 35.2% used additional mechanical restraints.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia--Morgagni type.

A Morgagni hernia was discovered in a 4-year-old girl who presented with fever, cough, and abdominal pain. The case report and a discussion of this unusual entity are presented.