Physicians' Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Communication With Parents of Different Skin Color: Feasibility of Measuring Indicators of Implicit Bias With Virtual Reality.

PURPOSE: Virtual reality (VR) may be a viable method to observe and describe signals of implicit bias. Using the context of the human papillomavirus vaccine counseling, we sought to describe physicians' communication practices exploring differences when counseling parents with different skin colors. METHODS: Physicians (N = 90) at an academic primary care center were recruited for a VR study in which they counseled dark or light-skinned parent avatars who expressed hesitation about human papillomavirus vaccination for their adolescent child. Investigators coded previously recorded simulations. Associations between communication and parent skin color were examined using t-tests and Chi-square tests. RESULTS: Both direct (e.g., addressing the concern immediately) and circuitous (e.g., providing alternative information) communication patterns were observed. Physicians used passive voice less commonly when counseling dark-skinned versus light-skinned avatars (p < .05). DISCUSSION: VR demonstrated feasibility in capturing clinicians' communication behaviors including measuring eight distinct indicators of implicit bias.

Pursuing a Cross-Sector Approach to Advance Child Health Equity.

Cross-sector partnerships are essential to ensure a safe and effective system of care for children, their caregivers, and communities. A "system of care" should have a well-defined population, vision, and measures shared by health care and community stakeholders, and an efficient modality for tracking progress toward better, more equitable outcomes. Effective partnerships could be clinically integrated, built atop coordinated awareness and assistance, and community-connected opportunities for networked learning. As opportunities for partnership continue to be uncovered, it will be vital to broadly assess their impact, using clinical and nonclinical metrics.

Virtual reality informs clinical observation tool.

BACKGROUND: Assessing trainees' skills via workplace-based assessments is challenging given the lack of psychometrically valid instruments. Our team previously developed an observation instrument to assess residents' competencies in behavioral health anticipatory guidance (BHAG) and motivational interviewing (MI) though its reliable usage required expert raters (e.g., paediatric psychologists). Our purpose was to establish validity evidence for a modified tool for clinicians. APPROACH: This study utilised data from a prior educational trial of a virtual reality (VR)-based behavioural health curriculum for paediatric residents. First, group interviews were conducted with clinicians to modify the expert instrument. Next, recorded VR simulations (n = 10) were scored to assess interrater reliability between clinicians. Finally, a physician used the tool to assess its ability to discriminate between residents' skill levels (n = 55). EVALUATION: Modifications during group interviews included a change from frequency counts for items related to MI to the binary outcome of present/absent and the addition of an entrustment item. On interrater-reliability testing, the clinician tool demonstrated mostly substantial or near perfect agreement for items related to BHAG. MI items demonstrated a range of agreement. Using 55 recorded VR simulations, the clinician tool discriminated between trained versus untrained residents in BHAG skills (p = 0.002) and level of entrustment (p = 0.001). Differences between groups in MI adherence was not statistically significant (p = 0.095) as it was on the expert instrument. IMPLICATIONS: VR demonstrated potential as a novel approach for obtaining validity evidence for tool development to support workplace-based assessments. Further work assessing usage of the clinician tool in real-world settings is warranted.

A Virtual Reality Curriculum to Enhance Residents' Behavioral Health Anticipatory Guidance Skills: A Pilot Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Effective educational strategies to train and assess residents' skills in behavioral health competencies have been limited. We hypothesized that a training curriculum using virtual reality (VR) simulations would enhance residents' evidence-based skills related to behavioral health anticipatory guidance (BHAG) and motivational interviewing (MI). METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled pilot trial of our curriculum within an urban academic clinic. Intervention and control groups received four 15-minute, monthly didactics on BHAG and MI followed by VR simulations to 1) deliberately practice delivering BHAG by verbally counseling avatars, who responded real-time (intervention group) or 2) assessing pediatric respiratory distress (control group). Two months post-VR training, all residents participated in a unique VR behavioral health scenario which was recorded and coded by pediatric psychologists via an observation instrument to assess residents' skills. Differences in BHAG and MI competencies were assessed via independent samples t tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent (n = 55) of eligible residents completed all study protocols comprising 35 intervention and 20 control participants. Intervention participants demonstrated an increase in BHAG skills (P = .002), percentage of open-ended questions asked (P = .04), and percentage of MI adherent behaviors (P = .04) when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: VR may be an effective educational strategy for residents to acquire BHAG and MI skills though deliberate practice. Next steps will focus on assessing the generalizability of the VR curriculum as well as exploring the opportunities to enhance its scalability through artificial intelligence.

Associations Between Age of Onset of Pediatric Overweight/Obesity, a Child's Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Characteristics of a Child's Home Census Tract.

PURPOSE: To identify associations between age of onset of overweight/obesity, a child's sociodemographic characteristics, and characteristics of a child's home census tract. DESIGN: Retrospective electronic health record review of children with overweight/obesity. SETTING: Three primary care centers associated with a free-standing, tertiary-care pediatric institution in Cincinnati. SUBJECTS: Patients born between August 1, 2013 and July 31, 2014, who had a body mass index (BMI) ≥85th percentile before 5 years of age (n = 794). MEASURES: Primary outcome was the patient's age at the first encounter when BMI was ≥85th percentile. Patient-level predictors were sex, age, race/ethnicity, health insurance, and number of moves captured in the health record. Census tract-level predictors were density of bus stops, presence of grocery stores, and a Socioeconomic Deprivation Index. ANALYSIS: Multivariable linear regression models assessed for independent associations between age of onset of overweight/obesity and predictors. RESULTS: Patients were 55.8% female, 73.6% black, and 79.1% publicly insured. Each additional move per year was associated with onset of overweight/obesity occurring 4.05 months earlier (P < .0001). No significant associations between age of onset of overweight/obesity and census tract-level density of bus stops (P = .82), presence of grocery stores (P = .39), and socioeconomic deprivation (P = .53) were demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Public policy efforts toward improving access to grocery stores or public transportation may not be sufficient to prevent childhood obesity. Population-level interventions related to improving housing may also reduce obesity.

Identifying Health-Related Social and Unintentional Injury Risks Among Patients Presenting to a Pediatric Urgent Care.

OBJECTIVE: Many families seek medical care at pediatric urgent care centers. The objective of this study was to determine social and unintentional injury risks reported by these families. METHODS: This cross-sectional study surveyed a convenience sample of guardians of patients 1 to 5 years of age presenting to our pediatric urgent care, 9/10/21 to 2/25/22. Outcomes were the number of reported social and unintentional injury risks. Predictors and covariates included child and parent demographic characteristics and a neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation index. Chi-square, Student's t test, Pearson's correlation tests, and multinominal regression were used. RESULTS: A total of 273 guardians (and children) were included; 245 of guardians (89.7%) were female; 137 (50.2%) of included children identified as Black. Approximately 60% reported ≥1 social risk; 31.5% reported ≥3. Approximately 90% reported ≥1 unintentional injury risk; 57.9% reported ≥3. There were significant associations between social risk presence and Black race, public/no insurance, and neighborhood deprivation (all P < .05). There were no significant associations between unintentional injury risks and assessed predictors. Black guardians were more likely than those of other races to report a greater number of social risks (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50, 5.58 for ≥3 vs 0 risk). Children with public/no insurance compared to private insurance were more likely to experience a greater number of social risks (AOR 3.34, 95% CI 1.42, 7.84 for ≥3 vs 0 risks). CONCLUSIONS: Many presenting to pediatric urgent cares experience social and unintentional injury risks. Risk identification may guide equitable responses.

A Data-Driven Approach to Optimizing Medical-Legal Partnership Performance and Joint Advocacy.

Medical-legal partnerships connect legal advocates to healthcare providers and settings. Maintaining effectiveness of medical-legal partnerships and consistently identifying opportunities for innovation and adaptation takes intentionality and effort. In this paper, we discuss ways in which our use of data and quality improvement methods have facilitated advocacy at both patient (client) and population levels as we collectively pursue better, more equitable outcomes.

Impact of a Virtual Reality Curriculum on Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Pilot Trial.

Although the strongest predictor of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is a high-quality recommendation, physicians often provide weak recommendations. Thus, the authors developed Virtual Immersive Communication Training on Recommending Immunizations (VICTORI), a virtual reality (VR)‒based intervention that provided physicians the opportunity to deliberately practice recommendation behaviors. VICTORI included VR simulations during which participants counseled caregiver avatars hesitant to vaccinate. Before participation in VICTORI, participants reviewed a smartphone application on recommendation behaviors. A nonrandomized control trial of VICTORI was conducted with licensed and resident physicians. The intervention group completed the application and VICTORI simulations, whereas a comparison group completed only the application. The hypothesis was that HPV vaccination rates would increase for patients in the intervention group. The preintervention period was defined as the 6 months before allocated training (February 1, 2020-July 31, 2020), and the postintervention period was the 6 months after (October 1, 2020-March 31, 2021). The primary outcome was a change in the rates of human papillomavirus vaccine initiation among eligible patients presenting to clinic before and after. Of 142 eligible physicians, 134 (94%) chose to participate, with 93 of /97 (96%) intervention and 30 of 37 (81%) comparison participants completing study protocols. There was a statistically significant increase in patients' HPV vaccine initiation rates after training within the intervention group (54.3%‒72.4%; 18.1% difference [95% CI=11.0, 25.8]; p<0.001) but not within the comparison group (59.5%‒63.4%; 3.9% difference [95% CI= -11.0, 19.0]; p=0.609). In conclusion, HPV vaccine initiation increased after VR training, and further study is warranted.

Social Disparities among Sudden Death victims with HIV.

Although cardiovascular death is a growing source of mortality for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the risk factors and circumstances surrounding sudden death in this population are poorly understood. We compared 399 adult sudden death victims reported by Emergency Medical Services in North Carolina to 1,114 controls. Sudden death was more common among HIV-positive than HIV-negative individuals (OR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.15-5.83). In a multivariable model of sudden death victims including Black race, BMI, and history of divorce, incarceration, substance abuse, and respiratory disease, HIV-positive individuals were more likely to be Black (adjusted OR [aOR]: 6.04, 95% CI: 1.08-33.7) or divorced (aOR: 4.71, 95% CI: 1.04-21.3), adjusted for all other variables in the model. Compared to controls with HIV, sudden death victims with HIV were more likely to have a history of incarceration, divorce, respiratory disease, alcohol abuse, or dyslipidemia. A qualitative assessment of victims suggested that many died in isolation, suffering from past and current substance abuse and depression. HIV infection appears to be an important risk factor for sudden death, and incarceration history, social isolation, and medical comorbidities contribute to sudden death risk for HIV-positive individuals.

Reductions In Hospitalizations Among Children Referred To A Primary Care-Based Medical-Legal Partnership.

Medical-legal partnerships integrate legal advocates into health care settings to address health-related social needs. However, their effect on health outcomes is unclear. This retrospective cohort study examined the effect of referral to a medical-legal partnership on hospitalization rates among urban, low-income children in Greater Cincinnati, Ohio, between 2012 and 2017. We compared 2,203 children referred to a pediatric primary care-based medical-legal partnership with 100 randomly selected control cohorts drawn from 34,235 children seen concurrently but not referred. We found that the median predicted hospitalization rate for children in the year after referral was 37.9 percent lower if children received the legal intervention than if they did not. We suspect that this decrease in hospitalizations was driven by the ability of legal advocates to address acute legal needs (for example, threat of eviction and public benefit denial) and, when possible, to confront root causes of ill health (for example, unhealthy housing conditions). Interventions such as those provided through a medical-legal partnership may be important components of integrated, value-based service delivery models.

Qualitative Analysis of a Virtual Near-Peer Pediatric Boot Camp Elective.

Objective: To explore fourth-year medical students' experience with a virtual, near-peer facilitated pediatric boot camp through the lens of self-determination theory (SDT). Methods: We developed a virtual pediatric boot camp elective for fourth-year medical students pursuing pediatric residency using Kern's six steps of curriculum development. The two-week virtual elective consisted of facilitated video conferences and small group discussions led by two senior pediatric residents. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted after elective completion. Using SDT as our conceptual framework, we explored participants' experience with the near-peer facilitation of the boot camp. Focus group recordings were transcribed and thematically analyzed using deductive coding for SDT, with inductive coding for themes outside the theory's scope. Saturation was reached after three focus groups. The codebook was iteratively revised through peer debriefing between coders and reviewed by other authors. Credibility was established through member checking. Results: Ninety-two percent of eligible medical students (n = 23/25) participated in the boot camp with attendance ranging from 18-21 students per session. Twelve students (52%) participated in three focus groups. Qualitative analysis identified five major themes. Four themes consistent with SDT emerged: competence, autonomy, relatedness to near-peers, and relatedness to specialty/institution. The learning environment, including the virtual setting, emerged as an additional, non-SDT-related theme. Conclusions: Medical students' experience with our virtual boot camp closely aligned with SDT. Near-peer relatedness emerged as a unique theme which could be further investigated in other aspects of medical student education. Future research could evaluate higher-level learning outcomes from near-peer educational opportunities. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01466-w.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and risk factors among meat packing, produce processing, and farm workers.

Meat packing, produce processing, and farm workers are known to have an elevated risk of COVID-19, but occupational risk factors in this population are unclear. We performed an observational cohort study of meat packing, produce processing, and farm workers in North Carolina in fall 2020. Blood, saliva, and nasal turbinate samples were collected to assess for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were investigated using chi-square tests, two-sample t-tests, and adjusted risk ratio analyses. Among 118 enrolled workers, the baseline SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 50.0%. Meat packing plant workers had the highest SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (64.6%), followed by farm workers (45.0%) and produce processing workers (10.0%), despite similar sociodemographic characteristics. Compared to SARS-CoV-2 seronegative workers, seropositive workers were more likely to work in loud environments that necessitated yelling to communicate (RR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.25-2.69), work in cold environments (RR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.12-2.24), or continue working despite developing symptoms at work (RR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.14-2.32). After adjusting for age and working despite symptoms, high occupational noise levels were associated with a 1.72 times higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity (95% CI: 1.16-2.55). Half of food processing workers showed evidence of past SARS-CoV-2 infection, a prevalence five times higher than most of the United States population at the time of the study. Work environments with loud ambient noise may pose elevated risks for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our findings also highlight the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among underserved and economically disadvantaged Latinx communities in the United States.

Pediatricians Contributing to Poverty Reduction Through Clinical-Community Partnership and Collective Action: A Narrative Review.

Poverty affects child health and well-being in short- and long-term ways, directly and indirectly influencing a range of health outcomes through linked social and environmental challenges. Given these links, pediatricians have long advocated for poverty reduction in both clinical settings and society. Pediatricians and others who work in pediatric settings are well-suited to address poverty given frequent touchpoints with children and families and the trust that develops over repeated encounters. Many pediatricians also recognize the need for cross-sector engagement, mobilization, and innovation in building larger collaborative efforts to combat the harmful effects of poverty. A range of methods, like co-design, community organizing, and community-engaged quality improvement, are necessary to achieve measurable progress. Moreover, advancing meaningful representation and inclusion of those from underrepresented racial and ethnic minority groups will augment efforts to address poverty within and equity across communities. Such methods promote and strengthen key clinical-community partnerships poised to address poverty's upstream root causes and its harmful consequences downstream. This article focuses on those clinical-community intersections and cross-sector, multi-disciplinary programs like Medical-Legal Partnerships, Medical-Financial Partnerships, clinic-based food pantries, and embedded behavioral health services. Such programs and partnerships increase access to services difficult for children living in poverty to obtain. Partnerships can also broaden to include community-wide learning networks and asset-building coalitions, poised to accelerate meaningful change. Pediatricians and allied professionals can play an active role; they can convene, catalyze, partner, and mobilize to create solutions designed to mitigate the harmful effects of poverty on child health.

A Community Resource Liaison Embedded in Pediatric Primary Care Mitigates Social Risks through Identification and Connection.

BACKGROUND: Children living in poverty frequently experience health-related social needs. The pediatric primary care setting is a common touchpoint, allowing for risk identification and resource connection. METHODS: This is an evaluation of the effect of a community resource liaison's (CRL) first year embedded in a pediatric primary care center, 8/1/2015-7/31/2016. Primary outcomes include needs identified and connections made. Secondary outcomes include preventive service completion and acute utilization. RESULTS: During the study, the CRL interacted with 236 primary care patients, addressing 395 identified needs. The most common needs concerned housing and utilities, public benefits, and food/resource insecurity. The CRL patients were significantly more likely than non-CRL patients to be connected with on-site legal advocates, social workers, and an infant food insecurity program. There was no significant relationship with preventive service completion or use. CONCLUSION: A CRL embedded within a pediatric primary care center enhanced risk identification and resource connection.

Increasing Hepatitis C Screening in a Federally Qualified Health Center: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

ABSTRACT: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a chronic infection that can lead to severe liver damage if left untreated. With increased availability and affordability of curative treatments, screening for HCV has become an important first step in reducing morbidity and mortality. At a rural federally qualified health center in North Carolina, two quality improvement initiatives-an electronic health record (EHR) prompt and educational flyers-were implemented to improve HCV screening rates. We compared the proportion of eligible patients born from 1945 to 1965 who received HCV screening before, during, and after the initiatives. HCV screening rates were highest during the two initiatives (30% and 39%, respectively). Screening rates fell in the 6-month period after the initiatives' conclusion (12%) but remained higher than at baseline (6%). Although HCV screening can increase with simple interventions, more durable solutions are needed to maintain screening coverage.

A Virtual Reality Resident Training Curriculum on Behavioral Health Anticipatory Guidance: Development and Usability Study.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral health disorders have steadily increased and been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Though behavioral health disorders can be successfully mitigated with early implementation of evidence-based parent management strategies, education for pediatric residents on behavioral health anticipatory guidance has been limited to date, with training challenges compounded by the physical distancing requirements of the COVID-19 pandemic. Virtual reality (VR) simulations provide an opportunity to train residents on this complex competency by allowing deliberate practice of necessary skills while adhering to current social distancing guidelines. OBJECTIVE: This study explored the usability of a VR-based behavioral health anticipatory guidance curriculum for pediatric residents. METHODS: This mixed methods study included 14 postgraduate third-year pediatric residents who completed the behavioral health anticipatory guidance VR curriculum. Residents completed the MEC Spatial Presence Questionnaire to assess immersion in the virtual environment. Semistructured interviews were used to elucidate residents' perspectives on the curriculum's content and format. The interviews were analyzed using conventional content analysis. RESULTS: Quantitatively, residents reported a high degree of immersion, spatial presence, and cognitive involvement. Most residents (11/14, 79%) agreed or strongly agreed that it seemed as though they took part in the action of the simulation. Qualitatively, two themes emerged from the data: (1) the curriculum expands behavioral health anticipatory guidance and motivational interviewing knowledge and skills and (2) VR technology is uniquely positioned to develop competence. These themes revealed that the curriculum expanded their current level of knowledge and skill, addressed training gaps, and was applicable to all residents. Additionally, residents experienced VR as immersive, feasible, realistic to the clinic setting, and a safe space to practice and learn new skills. CONCLUSIONS: Pilot data indicates that VR may be an effective tool to teach pediatric residents behavioral health anticipatory guidance, meeting a current gap in medical education training. This VR curriculum is particularly relevant in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic given the increased behavioral health concerns of families.