Assessment of delirium using the PRE-DELIRIC model in an intensive care unit in Argentina. / Avaliação de delirium com uso do modelo PRE-DELIRIC em uma unidade de terapia intensiva na Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence of and risk factors for delirium in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Argentina and to conduct the first non-European study exploring the performance of the PREdiction of DELIRium in ICu patients (PRE-DELIRIC) model. METHODS: Prospective observational study in a 20-bed intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The PRE-DELIRIC model was applied to 178 consecutive patients within 24 hours of admission to the intensive care unit; delirium was assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). RESULTS: The mean age was 64.3 ± 17.9 years. The median time of stay in the intensive care unit was 6 (range, 2 - 56) days. Of the total number of patients, 49/178 (27.5%) developed delirium, defined as a positive CAM-ICU assessment, during their stay in the intensive care unit. Patients in the delirium group were significantly older and had a significantly higher Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score. The mortality rate in the intensive care unit was 14.6%; no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Predictive factors for the development of delirium were increased age, prolonged intensive care unit stay, and opioid use. The area under the curve for the PRE-DELIRIC model was 0.83 (95%CI; 0.77 - 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: The observed incidence of delirium highlights the importance of this problem in the intensive care unit setting. In this first study conducted outside Europe, PRE-DELIRIC accurately predicted the development of delirium.

Avaliação de delirium com uso do modelo PRE-DELIRIC em uma unidade de terapia intensiva na Argentina / Assessment of delirium using the PRE-DELIRIC model in an intensive care unit in Argentina

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a incidência e os fatores de risco para delirium na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital terciário de ensino na Argentina, e conduzir o primeiro estudo não europeu para explorar o desempenho do modelo PREdiction of DELIRium in ICu Patients (PRE-DELIRIC). Métodos: Estudo prospectivo observacional em uma unidade de terapia intensiva com 20 leitos localizada em um hospital terciário de ensino em Buenos Aires, Argentina. O modelo PRE-DELIRIC foi aplicado a 178 pacientes consecutivos dentro de 24 horas após sua admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva. Avaliou-se o delirium com uso da ferramenta Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Resultados: A média de idade foi de 64,3 ± 17,9 anos. O tempo mediano de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 6 dias (variação entre 2 e 56 dias). Dentre o total de pacientes, 49/178 (27,5%) desenvolveram delirium, definido como avaliação positiva segundo a CAM-ICU, durante a permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva. Os pacientes no grupo com delirium eram significantemente mais velhos e tinham escore Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) significantemente mais elevado. A taxa de mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 14,6%; não se observou diferença significante entre os dois grupos. Os fatores preditivos para desenvolvimento de delirium foram idade mais avançada, tempo prolongado de permanência na unidade e uso de opioides. A área sob a curva para o modelo PRE-DELIRIC foi de 0,83 (IC95%: 0,77 - 0,90). Conclusões: A incidência observada de delirium salienta a importância deste problema no ambiente da unidade de terapia intensiva. Neste primeiro estudo conduzido fora da Europa, o PRE-DELIRIC previu de forma precisa o desenvolvimento de delirium.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the incidence of and risk factors for delirium in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Argentina and to conduct the first non-European study exploring the performance of the PREdiction of DELIRium in ICu patients (PRE-DELIRIC) model. Methods: Prospective observational study in a 20-bed intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The PRE-DELIRIC model was applied to 178 consecutive patients within 24 hours of admission to the intensive care unit; delirium was assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Results: The mean age was 64.3 ± 17.9 years. The median time of stay in the intensive care unit was 6 (range, 2 - 56) days. Of the total number of patients, 49/178 (27.5%) developed delirium, defined as a positive CAM-ICU assessment, during their stay in the intensive care unit. Patients in the delirium group were significantly older and had a significantly higher Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score. The mortality rate in the intensive care unit was 14.6%; no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Predictive factors for the development of delirium were increased age, prolonged intensive care unit stay, and opioid use. The area under the curve for the PRE-DELIRIC model was 0.83 (95%CI; 0.77 - 0.90). Conclusions: The observed incidence of delirium highlights the importance of this problem in the intensive care unit setting. In this first study conducted outside Europe, PRE-DELIRIC accurately predicted the development of delirium.

[Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in critical care patients. Report of 4 cases]. / Sindrome hemofagocitico reactivo en pacientes graves. Comunicacion de 4 casos.

Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis comprises a variety of disorders, many of them associated with infection. It is characterized by hemophagocytosis, with cytopenia involving at least two cellular lines, increase in cytokines and serum ferritin. The clinical course resembles sepsis, sharing similar physiopathological features. We propose that hemophagocytic syndrome is an underdiagnosed entity in the critical care setting; simple tests aid to identify which patients should undergo diagnostic procedures. We discuss current therapeutic approaches.

Síndrome hemofagocítico reactivo en pacientes graves: Comunicación de 4 casos / Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in critical care patients. Report of 4 cases

El síndrome hemofagocítico reactivo, o linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica secundaria, comprende un grupo numeroso de enfermedades, muchas de ellas de causa infecciosa, caracterizado por hemofagocitosis con citopenia de al menos dos de las tres series sanguíneas, aumento de los niveles de citoquinas y de la ferritina sérica. El cuadro clínico comprende manifestaciones inflamatorias sistémicas semejantes a la sepsis, entidad muy frecuente en las unidades de Terapia Intensiva, y posee elementos fisiopatológicos en común con ella. Proponemos mediante la presentación de cuatro casos clínicos, considerar al síndrome hemofagocítico reactivo como una entidad frecuente en los pacientes graves, con pruebas sencillas para orientar a qué pacientes realizar un procedimiento diagnóstico. Por último actualizamos los tratamientos específicos conocidos.

Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis comprises a variety of disorders, many of them associated with infection. It is characterized by hemophagocytosis, with cytopenia involving at least two cellular lines, increase in cytokines and serum ferritin. The clinical course resembles sepsis, sharing similar physiopathological features. We propose that hemophagocytic syndrome is an underdiagnosed entity in the critical care setting; simple tests aid to identify which patients should undergo diagnostic procedures. We discuss current therapeutic approaches.

Síndrome hemofagocítico reactivo en pacientes graves: Comunicación de 4 casos / Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in critical care patients. Report of 4 cases

El síndrome hemofagocítico reactivo, o linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica secundaria, comprende un grupo numeroso de enfermedades, muchas de ellas de causa infecciosa, caracterizado por hemofagocitosis con citopenia de al menos dos de las tres series sanguíneas, aumento de los niveles de citoquinas y de la ferritina sérica. El cuadro clínico comprende manifestaciones inflamatorias sistémicas semejantes a la sepsis, entidad muy frecuente en las unidades de Terapia Intensiva, y posee elementos fisiopatológicos en común con ella. Proponemos mediante la presentación de cuatro casos clínicos, considerar al síndrome hemofagocítico reactivo como una entidad frecuente en los pacientes graves, con pruebas sencillas para orientar a qué pacientes realizar un procedimiento diagnóstico. Por último actualizamos los tratamientos específicos conocidos. (AU)

Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis comprises a variety of disorders, many of them associated with infection. It is characterized by hemophagocytosis, with cytopenia involving at least two cellular lines, increase in cytokines and serum ferritin. The clinical course resembles sepsis, sharing similar physiopathological features. We propose that hemophagocytic syndrome is an underdiagnosed entity in the critical care setting; simple tests aid to identify which patients should undergo diagnostic procedures. We discuss current therapeutic approaches. (AU)

Effect of inhaled salbutamol on dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in spontaneously breathing patients with stable severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to determine the effect of inhaled salbutamol on PEEPi dyn in spontaneously breathing patients with stable severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MATERIAL/METHODS: Eleven patients with COPD were studied (mean age: 63 years, average FEV1 0.71 +/- 0.31 L). The patients were evaluated before and after inhaling 400 pg of salbutamol. Spirometry, slow vital capacity, breathing pattern, and PEEPi dyn pre- and post-bronchodilator administration were performed. PEEPi dyn was measured as the difference in esophageal pressure between the onset of inspiratory effort and the point of zero flow. RESULTS: Pre-BD PEEPi dyn fell on average by 56% after inhalation of salbutamol (1.89 +/- 1.24 cm H2O to 0.83 +/- 0.81 cm H2O, p<0.001). This was accompanied by bronchodilation and a reduction of air trapping (FEV1: 0.71 +/- 0.31 L to 0.91 +/- 0.35 L, p<0.001; IC: 1.5 +/- 0.53 L to 1.94 +/- 0.56 L, p<0.001). A significant positive correlation between deltaPEEPi dyn, deltaFEV1 (r=0.64, p<0.05), and deltaIC (r=0.69, p<0.05) was observed. The breathing pattern did not change significantly after bronchodilation. Stepwise multiple regression analysis of pre-BD spirometric and breathing pattern parameters selected IC and Ti/Ttot as the strongest predictors of pre-BD PEEPi dyn (p=0.039 and 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The inhalation of 400 microg of salbutamol produced bronchodilation, reduction of air trapping, and a decrease in PEEPi dyn in spontaneously breathing patients with stable severe COPD.

Precisión de tres scores secuenciales para el diagnóstico de neumonía asociada a respirador / Accuracy of three sequential scores for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la precisión de tres varientes del score clínico de infección pulmonar (CPIS) empleados en forma secuencial (CPIS inicial-CPIS gram-CPIS cultivo) pra el diagnóstico de neumonía asociada al respirador (NAR), comparado con un método de referencia compuesto por criterios clínicos, radiológicos y bacteriológicos. a partir del trabajo de Pugin y colaboradores, el score CPIS que incluye datos clínicos, radiológicos y microbiológicos del aspirado traqueal ha sido empleado para la identificación de NAR pero su valor diagnóstico no ha sido aún confirmado

Precisión de tres scores secuenciales para el diagnóstico de neumonía asociada a respirador / Accuracy of three sequential scores for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la precisión de tres varientes del score clínico de infección pulmonar (CPIS) empleados en forma secuencial (CPIS inicial-CPIS gram-CPIS cultivo) pra el diagnóstico de neumonía asociada al respirador (NAR), comparado con un método de referencia compuesto por criterios clínicos, radiológicos y bacteriológicos. a partir del trabajo de Pugin y colaboradores, el score CPIS que incluye datos clínicos, radiológicos y microbiológicos del aspirado traqueal ha sido empleado para la identificación de NAR pero su valor diagnóstico no ha sido aún confirmado