Ethical, moral and other aspects related to fertility preservation in cancer patients.

Post-treatment fertility emerges as an important issue in the early counseling of individuals with cancer, since survivors may have their quality of life affected by the occurrence of functional failure of the gonads because of antineoplastic therapies. In the context, oncofertility has been developed as an interdisciplinary field of study that combines expertise in reproductive medicine and oncology, to provide strategies aiming to maintain the possibility of future procreation. Today, we have many options and techniques available for the preservation of gametes in men and women. Some of them are already considered well established and used in routine, but ethical and moral issues on the subject still need to be debated.

Oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome: evaluation during ovarian stimulation for ICSI.

Oxidative stress (OS) may affect natural fertility and the results of assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs). Subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may be related to OS. This process may intensify during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for ARTs because of increased ovarian metabolic activity and hypoestrogenism with the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHas). The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of systemic OS in non-stimulated cycles and to determine OS markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], advanced oxidation protein products [AOPP], hydroperoxides [FOX], glutathione [GSH], and vitamin E) during COS in non-obese infertile women with and without PCOS who were subjected to ARTs. A prospective cohort study was conducted on non-obese women (16 with PCOS, and 60 ovulatory patients with infertility due to male and/or tubal factors). The OS markers were determined during the following time-points: the follicular phase of the natural cycle (D1), after pituitary downregulation with GnRHa and before the use of gonadotropins (D2), on the day of administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (D3), and at oocyte retrieval (D4). Intergroup analysis showed that serum MDA concentrations were higher in the PCOS group at D3 (P=0.048) and D4 (P=0.002). On an intragroup analysis, the control group had higher MDA concentrations at D2 than at D1 (P=0.01) or D4 (P=0.004). The AOPP concentrations were higher at D2 (P<0.0001), D3 (P<0.001) and D4 (P<0.0001) compared to D1. The FOX concentrations were lower at D2 (P<0.0001), D3 (P<0.0001), and D4 (P<0.001) than at D1. Serum GSH concentrations were significantly higher at D4 than at D1 (P=0.02). An intragroup analysis of the PCOS subjects showed that the five OS markers did not differ significantly among the four time-points when they were analyzed (D1, D2, D3 and D4). In conclusion, non-obese infertile women with PCOS showed evidence of systemic OS after COS with gonadotropins for ICSI. On the other hand, non-obese ovulatory infertile women, and women with infertility due to male and/or tubal factors showed a possible systemic oxidative balance until the final of COS.