[Nitrous oxide is not widely used for children in the emergency departments in The Netherlands]. / Lachgas wordt niet algemeen toegepast bij kinderen op de SEH.

Nitrous oxide was introduced in The Netherlands as an easily accessible and effective agent for procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in children at the Emergency Department. It was expected that its adoption would increase due to the rapid onset of action, limited side effects and the non-invasive character. In this article, we discuss the efficacy and use of nitrous oxide in The Netherlands. Nitrous oxide is a safe and effective agent for children undergoing low-complex procedures. However, the analgesic effect is limited for complex procedures such as fracture reposition, necessitating the use of additional agents such as opioids. Against our expectations, most Dutch Emergency Departments do not use nitrous oxide. Reasons for this are the limited analgesic effects for most procedures, the availability of good alternatives and cost and sustainability considerations.

The clinical consequences of functional adrenal uptake in the absence of cross-sectional mass on FDG-PET/CT in oncology patients.

PURPOSE: Oncology patients undergoing positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) occasionally show discrete adrenal [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake without an associated nodule on CT, leaving the clinician uncertain about the need to proceed with biopsy or surgical referral. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of this radiological finding and to evaluate the effectiveness of FDG uptake values in risk stratification for adrenal metastasis. METHODS: From 2014 to 2015, oncology patients who underwent FDG-PET/CT and demonstrated elevated FDG uptake in the adrenal gland without discrete nodularity on cross-sectional imaging were included in a retrospective cohort analysis. Clinical records and FDG-PET/CT scans were reviewed for clinicopathological data, follow-up data, SUVmax (highest SUV of either adrenal gland), and SUVratio (SUVmax/background liver uptake). A receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to evaluate the associations between SUV values and the progression to adrenal metastasis. RESULTS: Of 3040 oncology patients who underwent FDG-PET/CT scans, 92 (3.0%) showed elevated adrenal uptake without associated mass. From the final study cohort of 66 patients with comprehensive follow-up data, 5 patients (7.6%) developed evidence of adrenal metastasis. At SUVmax < 3.25 (AUC = 0.757) and SUVratio < 1.27 (AUC = 0.907), 34.8% and 60.6% of patients could be excluded with 100% negative predictive value, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Thresholds of SUVmax and SUVratio identified a significant proportion of patients who did not develop adrenal metastasis. In oncology patients who demonstrate increased adrenal FDG uptake without a discrete lesion on FDG-PET/CT, quantitative uptake values may be useful in selecting those not at risk of developing adrenal metastatic disease.

A cost-utility analysis of 18F-fluorocholine-positron emission tomography imaging for localizing primary hyperparathyroidism in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism historically necessitated bilateral neck exploration to remove abnormal parathyroid tissue. Improved localization allows for focused parathyroidectomy with lower complication risks. Recently, positron emission tomography using radiolabeled 18F-fluorocholine demonstrated high accuracy in detecting these lesions, but its cost-effectiveness has not been studied in the United States. METHODS: A decision tree modeled patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism using single preoperative localization modalities: (1) positron emission tomography using radiolabeled 18F-fluorocholine, (2) 4-dimensional computed tomography, (3) ultrasound, and (4) sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). All patients underwent either focused parathyroidectomy versus bilateral neck exploration, with associated cost ($) and clinical outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life-years gained. Model parameters were informed by literature review and Medicare costs. Incremental cost-utility ratios were calculated in US dollars/quality-adjusted life-years gained, with a willingness-to-pay threshold set at $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year. One-way, 2-way, and threshold sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Positron emission tomography using radiolabeled 18F-fluorocholine gained the most quality-adjusted life-years (23.9) and was the costliest ($2,096), with a total treatment cost of $11,245 or $470/quality-adjusted life-year gained. Sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography and ultrasound were dominated strategies. Compared with 4-dimentional computed tomography, the incremental cost-utility ratio for positron emission tomography using radiolabeled 18F-fluorocholine was $91,066/quality-adjusted life-year gained in our base case analysis, which was below the willingness-to-pay threshold. In 1-way sensitivity analysis, the incremental cost-utility ratio was sensitive to test accuracy, positron emission tomography using radiolabeled 18F-fluorocholine price, postoperative complication probabilities, proportion of bilateral neck exploration patients needing overnight hospitalization, and life expectancy. CONCLUSION: Our model elucidates scenarios in which positron emission tomography using radiolabeled 18F-fluorocholine can potentially be a cost-effective imaging option for primary hyperparathyroidism in the United States. Further investigation is needed to determine the maximal cost-effectiveness for positron emission tomography using radiolabeled 18F-fluorocholine in selected populations.

Superior sensitivity of 18F-fluorocholine: PET localization in primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative parathyroid imaging guides surgeons during parathyroidectomy. This study evaluates the clinical impact of 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography for preoperative parathyroid localization on patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and indications for parathyroidectomy had simultaneous 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography imaging/magnetic resonance imaging. In patients who underwent subsequent parathyroidectomy, cure was based on lab values at least 6 months after surgery. Location-based sensitivity and specificity of 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography imaging was assessed using 3 anatomic locations (left neck, right neck, and mediastinum), with surgery as the gold standard. RESULTS: In 101 patients, 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography localized at least 1 candidate lesion in 93% of patients overall and in 91% of patients with previously negative imaging, leading to a change in preoperative strategy in 60% of patients. Of 76 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy, 58 (77%) had laboratory data at least 6 months postoperatively, with 55/58 patients (95%) demonstrating cure. 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography successfully guided curative surgery in 48/58 (83%) patients, compared with 20/57 (35%) based on ultrasound and 13/55 (24%) based on sestamibi. In a location-based analysis, sensitivity of 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography (88.9%) outperformed both ultrasound (37.1%) and sestamibi (27.5%), as well as ultrasound and sestamibi combined (47.8%). CONCLUSION: Long-term results in the first cohort in the United States to use 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography for parathyroid localization confirm its utility in a challenging cohort, with better sensitivity than ultrasound or sestamibi.

[18F-fluorocholine PET-CT scan effective in localising pathological parathyroid glands]. / 18F-fluorocholine-PET-CT-scan is effectief.

18F-fluorocholine PET-CT was introduced in The Netherlands for detection of pathological parathyroid glands in patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism around five years ago. This relatively new imaging technique is able to localise pathological parathyroid glands in the case of negative or inconclusive conventional imaging, such as ultrasound and 99mTc-sestamibi scans. In this manuscript we review the performance and usage of 18F-fluorocholine PET-CT in the Netherlands. In the past five years many articles have been published, demonstrating its superior sensitivity and positive predictive value. All centers in The Netherlands have adopted this scan in their daily practice to enable minimal invasive surgery in patients with hyperparathyroidism, due to the relatively high costs, mostly as second line imaging modality. Studies regarding cost-effectiveness are currently lacking and will have to show if this new imaging modality should replace 99mTc-sestamibi scanning as a first-line localisation study.

[Compartment syndrome of the forearm in a child]. / Compartimentsyndroom van de onderarm bij een jongere.

BACKGROUND: Compartment syndrome is a rare but serious entity with various causes. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present a case of a 14-year-old boy with a crush injury of the forearm including a fracture of the radius and ulna. In addition, a traction injury of the brachial plexus was present. Despite the absence of pain, a fasciotomy was performed because of excessive swelling of the forearm with obvious bulging of the muscles intra-operatively. CONCLUSION: Compartment syndrome can develop at several places in the body, including the forearm. Disproportional pain is the most relevant symptom which can however be absent due to concurrent neurological injury. Surgical exploration is always warranted in case of a clinical suspicion of compartment syndrome to prevent severe complications.

Accuracy of 18F-Fluorocholine PET for the Detection of Parathyroid Adenomas: Prospective Single-Center Study.

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the correct localization rate (CLR) of 18F-fluorocholine PET for the detection of parathyroid adenomas in comparison to 99mTc-sestamibi imaging. Methods: This was a single-arm prospective trial. Ninety-eight patients with biochemical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism were imaged before parathyroidectomy using 18F-fluorocholine PET/MRI. 99mTc-sestamibi imaging performed separately from the study was evaluated for comparison. The primary endpoint of the study was the CLR on a patient level. Each imaging study was interpreted by 3 masked readers on a per-region basis. Lesions were validated by histopathologic analysis of surgical specimens. Results: Of the 98 patients who underwent 18F-fluorocholine PET, 77 subsequently underwent parathyroidectomy and 60 of those had 99mTc-sestamibi imaging. For 18F-fluorocholine PET in patients who underwent parathyroidectomy, the CLR based on the masked reader consensus was 75% (95% CI, 0.63-0.82). In patients who underwent surgery and had an available 99mTc-sestamibi study, the CLR increased from 17% (95% CI, 0.10-0.27) for 99mTc-sestamibi imaging to 70% (95% CI, 0.59-0.79) for 18F-fluorocholine PET. Conclusion: In this prospective study using masked readers, the CLR for 18F-fluorocholine PET was 75%. In patients with a paired 99mTc-sestamibi study, the use of 18F-fluorocholine PET increased the CLR from 17% to 70%. 18F-fluorocholine PET is a superior imaging modality for the localization of parathyroid adenomas.

Plate fixation of clavicle fractures: comparison between early and delayed surgery.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment strategy for clavicle fractures remains a topic of debate. We evaluated our step-wise treatment protocol for patients with clavicle fractures to determine our success rate of conservative treatment. In addition, we evaluated the incidence of complications after clavicle plate fixation in patients undergoing acute surgery vs. delayed surgery. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis in which we registered all patients aged 14 years or older with a clavicle fracture between January 2010 and May 2018 and at least 6 weeks' follow-up. Patients who underwent surgery were included from a prospectively maintained database. Functional outcomes were measured by Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand and Constant-Murley scores 6 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Conservative treatment was successful in 1627 of 1748 patients (93%). Primary fixation was performed in 73 patients (61%) and delayed fixation in 48 (39%). In 8 patients (6.6%), radiologic widening of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint was present after surgery, suggestive of AC injury. The incidence of complications was significantly higher among patients who underwent delayed fixation vs. those who underwent primary fixation: 15 of 48 patients (31.3%) vs. 9 of 73 patients (12.3%). CONCLUSION: Most patients with clavicle fractures have an excellent outcome using conservative management. Acute surgery can be performed in high-demand patients, resulting in high performance scores. Delayed surgery is associated with a higher risk of complications, although the outcome is generally good. Associated AC joint dislocation found on postoperative radiographs does not influence outcomes. Shared decision making is key, and patients should be well aware of the potential risks and benefits of surgery.

Papillary Thyroid Cancers with Focal Tall Cell Change are as Aggressive as Tall Cell Variants and Should Not be Considered as Low-Risk Disease.

BACKGROUND: The tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is as an aggressive histological variant. The proportion of tall cells needed to influence prognosis is debated. METHODS: Patients with PTC and tall cells, defined as having a height-to-width ratio of ≥ 3:1, seen at a high-volume center between 2001 and 2015, were reviewed. Specimens were classified as (1) focal tall cell change, containing < 30% of tall cells; (2) tall cell variant, ≥ 30% of tall cells; and (3) control cases selected from infiltrative classical PTCs without adverse cytologic features. Univariate, sensitivity, and multivariate analyses were performed with persistent/recurrent disease as the primary outcome. RESULTS: We identified 96 PTCs with focal tall cell change, 35 with the tall cell variant and 104 control cases. Factors associated with poor clinical prognosis were significantly greater in those with focal tall cell change and tall cell variants. Regarding primary outcome, hazard ratios were 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-5.7) for focal tall cell change, and 3.4 (95% CI 1.2-8.7) for tall cell variants compared with controls. Five-year disease-free survival was higher for the control group (92.7%, CI 87.4-98.0) compared with focal tall cell change (76.3%, CI 66.1-86.5) and the tall cell variant (62.2%, CI 43.2-81.2). When stratified in groups consisting of tall cell proportions (< 10%, 10-19%, 20-29% and ≥ 30%), identification of ≥ 10% tall cell change was associated with worse outcome (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: PTCs with ≥ 10% tall cell change have worse prognosis than those without tall cells. Our data indicate that thyroid cancer management guidelines should consider PTCs with focal tall cell change outside of the low-risk classification.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastatic disease: Retrospective cohort with long-term, comprehensive follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Several malignancies metastasize to the adrenal gland, especially non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Adrenalectomy is associated with prolonged survival, but laparoscopic adrenalectomy for this indication is controversial. Our objective was to characterize and quantify outcomes after laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastases to the adrenal gland. METHODS: A prospectively maintained surgical database and institutional cancer registry were queried for patients who underwent adrenalectomy for metastases. From 1995 to 2016, a total of 62 patients underwent adrenalectomy for metastases, with 59 (95.%) having been performed laparoscopically. Primary end points were cumulative probability of 5-year survival and median survival. Patients in the institutional series were compared with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. RESULTS: There were no deaths within a 30-day period, 6 complications, and 2 conversions to open adrenalectomy. Non-small cell lung cancer (N = 20), renal cell carcinoma (N = 14), and melanoma (N = 8) were the 3 most common adrenal metastases. Overall, cumulative probability of 5-year survival was 37% and median survival was 34 months (95% CI 26-53 months). Median survival for non-small cell lung cancer was 26 months, for renal cell carcinoma was 67 months, and for melanoma was 30 months (P = NS). There was no demonstrable survival benefit for metachronous versus synchronous presentations, no association with size or disease-free interval, nor the presence/history of other metastases. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastases is safe when performed by experienced surgeons. Outcomes are similar or improved compared with series with predominantly open adrenalectomies. Patients selected for laparoscopic adrenalectomy to treat metastatic disease also have prolonged survival compared with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, or melanoma who do not undergo resection of metastatic disease.

Squamous differentiation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a rare feature of aggressive disease.

BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid carcinoma with squamous differentiation (PTC-SD) is a poorly understood pathologic finding of unknown clinical significance. Selected case reports have suggested that PTC-SD is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Here we present the largest case series of PTC-SD reported in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cancer registry at our tertiary care referral center was reviewed to identify all patients from 1995-2015 who had been diagnosed with PTC-SD on initial total thyroidectomy or lymph node dissection for recurrent disease. All cases were reviewed by an endocrine pathologist to confirm the diagnosis. Patient demographic, pathology, and outcomes data were collected and reviewed. RESULTS: During the study period, ten patients were diagnosed with PTC-SD, six in the primary tumor at the time of initial surgery, and four in lymph node metastases during surgery for recurrent disease. The median age at diagnosis was 56 y and half of the patients were male. Aggressive features such as multifocality (67%), extrathyroidal extension (67%), positive margin (89%), lymph node metastases (80%), and extranodal extension (60%) were far more prominent than is typically seen in classic PTC. Long-term follow-up (median 56.5 mo) demonstrated high rates of locoregional recurrence (60%), pulmonary metastases (30%), and mortality (10%). CONCLUSIONS: Squamous differentiation is a rare finding in PTC that is associated with aggressive pathologic features and poor long-term outcomes. This phenomenon may represent a step in progression toward dedifferentiation; thus, patients with PTC-SD should have close, life-long surveillance and should be treated according to evidence-based guidelines for high-risk thyroid cancers.

Trends of genetic screening in patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: 15-year experience in a high-volume tertiary referral center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Genetic testing for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma allows for early detection of hereditary syndromes and enables close follow-up of high-risk patient. We investigated the trends in genetic testing among patients at a high-volume referral center and evaluated the prevalence of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 129 patients who underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma between January 2000 and July 2015. To evaluate for trends in genetic testing, patients were divided by year of diagnosis: 2000-2005 (group 1, n = 35), 2006-2010 (group 2, n = 44), and 2011-2015 (group 3, n = 50). RESULTS: Among 129 patients the mean age was 47 years and 56% were women. Groups 2 and 3 were more frequently referred for genetic consultation than group 1, 73%, and 94% versus 26% (P < 0.001). A total of 67% followed up on the referral. The prevalence of genetic mutation was 50% (21/42 tested). The percentage with a genetic syndrome was 23%, 28%, and 22% respectively for groups 1, 2, and 3. CONCLUSIONS: Referral for genetic counseling significantly increased in the past 15 years. However, only two-thirds of patients followed up with genetic counselors and, therefore, clinicians can do more to improve the adherence rate for genetic counseling.

Clinical Safety of Renaming Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Is NIFTP Truly Benign?

BACKGROUND: Renaming encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC) to noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) was recently suggested to prevent the overtreatment, cost and stigma associated with this low-risk entity. The purpose of this study is to document the incidence and further assess the clinical outcomes of reclassifying EFVPTC to NIFTP. METHODS: We searched synoptic pathologic reports from a high-volume academic endocrine surgery hospital from 2004 to 2013. The standard of surgical pathology practice was based on complete submission of malignant thyroid nodules along with the nontumorous thyroid parenchyma. Rigid morphological criteria were used for the diagnosis of noninvasive EFVPTC, currently known as NIFTP. A retrospective chart review was conducted looking for evidence of malignant behavior. RESULTS: One hundred and two patients met the strict inclusion criteria of NIFTP. The incidence of NIFTP in our cohort was 2.1% of papillary thyroid cancer cases during the studied time period. Mean follow-up was 5.7 years (range 0-11). Five patients were identified with nodal metastasis and one patient with distant metastasis. Overall, six patients showed evidence of malignant behavior representing 6% of patients with NIFTP. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that the incidence of NIFTP is significantly lower than previously thought. Furthermore, evidence of malignant behavior was seen in a significant number of NIFTP patients. Although the authors fully support the de-escalation of aggressive treatment for low-risk thyroid cancers, NIFTP behaves as a low-risk thyroid cancer rather than a benign entity and ongoing surveillance is warranted.

Incidental positive lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer is independently associated with recurrent disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pathological examination occasionally reveals incidental central lymph nodes metastasis (iLNM) after thyroidectomy for patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) who did not undergo compartment-orientated lymphadenectomy. We aimed to investigate the risk of recurrence for patients with iLNM. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for PTC (January 2000 to January 2010). Patients with distant metastases, central- or lateral neck dissection and pre-operative suspicious lymph nodes (by ultrasound or clinical examination) were excluded. The association between iLNM and recurrent disease was investigated using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: 225/1000 patients had incidental nodes after total thyroidectomy for PTC. 183 were node-negative and 42 had iLNM. Mean age was 46 years and 201 (89%) were women. Mean number of resected nodes was 2.3. Disease recurred in 8/183 (4.4%) of patients with N0 versus 7/42 (17%) with iLNM. After adjusting for other factors, iLNM was independently associated with recurrent disease (hazard ratio = 4.01 [95% CI 1.21-13.3]). CONCLUSIONS: Positive incidental lymph nodes are independently associated with recurrent disease in patients with PTC. These patients should therefore be monitored more carefully.

Diagnostic performance of computed tomography for parathyroid adenoma localization; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of CT for preoperative parathyroid localization in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), and subsequently compare the different protocols and their performance in different patient groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a search of the Embase, Pubmed and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies published between January 1, 2000 and March 31, 2016 investigating the diagnostic value of CT for parathyroid localization in patients with biochemical diagnosis of pHPT. Performance of CT was expressed in sensitivity and PPV with pooled proportion using a random-effects model. Factors that could have affected the diagnostic performance were investigated by subgroup analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies evaluating a total of 2563 patients with non-familial pHPT who underwent CT localization and surgical resection were included. Overall pooled sensitivity of CT for localization of the pathological parathyroid(s) to the correct quadrant was 73% (95% CI: 69-78%), which increased to 81% (95% CI: 75-87%) for lateralization to the correct side. Subgroup analysis based on the number of contrast phases showed that adding a second contrast phase raises sensitivity from 71% (95% CI: 61-80%) to 76% (95% CI: 71-87%), and that adding a third phase resulted in a more modest additional increase in performance with a sensitivity of 80% (95% CI: 74-86%). CONCLUSION: CT performs well in localizing pathological glands in patients with pHPT. A protocol with two contrast phases seems to offer a good balance of acceptable performance with limitation of radiation exposure.

18F Fluorocholine PET/MR Imaging in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Inconclusive Conventional Imaging: A Prospective Pilot Study.

Purpose To investigate the performance of flourine 18 (18F) fluorocholine (FCH) positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients with hyperparathyroidism and nonlocalized disease who have negative or inconclusive results at ultrasonography (US) and technetium 99m (99mTc) sestamibi scintigraphy. Materials and Methods This study was approved by the institutional review board. Between May and December 2015, 10 patients (mean age, 70.4 years; range, 58-82 years) with biochemical primary hyperparathyroidism and inconclusive results at US and 99mTc sestamibi scintigraphy were prospectively enrolled. All patients gave informed consent. Directly after administration of 3 MBq/kg of FCH, PET imaging was performed, followed by T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging before and after gadolinium enhancement. Intraoperative localization and histologic results were the reference standard for calculating sensitivity and positive predictive value. The Wilcoxon rank test was used to calculate the mean difference in maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) between abnormal parathyroid uptake and physiologic thyroid uptake. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed. Results MR imaging alone showed true-positive lesions in five patients and a false-positive lesion in one patient. FCH PET/MR imaging allowed correct localization of nine of 10 adenomas (90% sensitivity), without any false-positive results (100% positive predictive value). One patient had four-gland hyperplasia, of which three hyperplastic glands were not localized. The median SUVmax of the nine preoperatively identified adenomas was 4.9 (interquartile range, 2.45-7.35), which was significantly higher than the SUV, 2.7 (interquartile range, 1.6-3.8), of the thyroid (P = .008). Conclusion FCH PET/MR imaging allowed localization of adenomas with high accuracy when conventional imaging results were inconclusive and provided detailed anatomic information. More patients must be examined to confirm our initial results, and the accuracy of FCH PET/MR imaging for localization of glands in patients with four-gland hyperplasia remains to be investigated. © RSNA, 2017.

De novo thyroid cancer following solid organ transplantation-A 25-year experience at a high-volume institution with a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We investigated the rate, stage, and prognosis of thyroid cancer in patients after solid-organ transplantations, and compared this to the general population. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who developed thyroid cancer after a solid-organ transplantation between January 1988 and December 2013 at a high volume transplant center. Standardized Incidence Ratio's (SIR) were calculated. Additionally, a systematic review of the literature was performed. RESULTS: A total of 10,428 patients underwent solid organ transplantation. Eleven patients (11.4 per 100,000 person-years) developed thyroid cancer: six men and five women with a mean age at diagnosis of thyroid cancer of 58 years. Ten patients underwent surgery and had stage I thyroid cancer. One patient had recurrent disease after a mean follow-up time of 78 months. The SIR varied between 0.75 and 2.3. Seventeen studies were included in the systematic review with a SIR ranging from 2.5 to 35. CONCLUSION: Rate of thyroid cancer is not significantly higher in patients who underwent solid organ transplantation compared to general population. Stage at presentation and prognosis also appear to be similar to that of the general population. Post-transplant screening for thyroid cancer remains debatable; however, when thyroid cancer is discovered, treatment should be similar to that of non-transplant patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:105-108. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.