Assessment of the Suitability of Melilotus officinalis for Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH and PAH), Zn, Pb and Cd Based on Toxicological Tests.

The article presents issues related to the possibility of using toxicological tests as a tool to monitor the progress of soil treatment contaminated with petroleum substances (TPH, PAH), Zn, Pb and Cd in bio-phytoremediation processes. In order to reduce the high content of petroleum pollutants (TPH = 56,371 mg kg-1 dry mass, PAH = 139.3 mg kg-1 dry mass), the technology of stepwise soil treatment was applied, including basic bioremediation and inoculation with biopreparations based of indigenous non-pathogenic species of bacteria, fungi and yeasts. As a result of basic bioremediation in laboratory conditions (ex-situ method), the reduction of petroleum pollutants TPH by 33.9% and PAH by 9.5% was achieved. The introduction of inoculation with biopraparation-1 prepared on the basis of non-pathogenic species of indigenous bacteria made it possible to reduce the TPH content by 86.3%, PAH by 40.3%. The use of a biopreparation-1 enriched with indigenous non-pathogenic species of fungi and yeasts in the third series of inoculation increased to an increase in the degree of biodegradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons with long carbon chains and PAH by a further 28.9%. In the next stage of soil treatment after biodegradation processes, which was characterized by an increased content of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) and naphthalene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(ghi)perylene belonging to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phytoremediation with the use of Melilotus officinalis was applied. After the six-month phytoremediation process, the following was achieved: Zn content by 25.1%, Pb by 27.9%, Cd by 23.2% and TPH by 42.2% and PAH by 49.9%. The rate of removal of individual groups of hydrocarbons was in the decreasing order: C12-C18 > C6-C12 > C18-C25 > C25-C36. PAHs tended to be removed in the following order: chrysene > naphthalene > benzo(a)anthracene > benzo(ghi)perylene. The TF and BCF coefficients were calculated to assess the capacity of M. officinalis to accumulate metal in tissues, uptake from soil and transfer from roots to shoots. The values of TF translocation coefficients were, respectively, for Zn (0.44), Pb (0.12), Cd (0.40). The calculated BCF concentration factors (BCFroots > BCFshoots) show that heavy metals taken up by M. officinalis are mainly accumulated in the root tissues in the following order Zn > Pb > Cd, revealing a poor metal translocation from the root to the shoots. This process was carried out in laboratory conditions for a period of 6 months. The process of phytoremediation of contaminated soil using M. officinalis assisted with fertilization was monitored by means of toxicological tests: Microtox, Ostracodtoxkit FTM, MARA and PhytotoxkitTM. The performed phytotoxicity tests have indicated variable sensitivity of the tested plants on contaminants occurring in the studied soils, following the sequence: Lepidium sativum < Sorghum saccharatum < Sinapis alba. The sensitivity of toxicological tests was comparable and increased in the order: MARA < Ostracodtoxkit FTM < Microtox. The results of the toxicological monitoring as a function of the time of soil treatment, together with chemical analyses determining the content of toxicants in soil and biomass M. officinalis, clearly confirmed the effectiveness of the applied concept of bioremediation of soils contaminated with zinc, lead and cadmium in the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Application of Festuca arundinacea in phytoremediation of soils contaminated with Pb, Ni, Cd and petroleum hydrocarbons.

Phytoremediation is a promising "green technique" used to purify contaminated soils. The performed phytoremediation experiments assisted by the fertilization process involving pots of F.arundinacea grown on soils with diverse concentrations and types of contaminations produced the following decreased percentages after 6 months: Pb (25.4-34.1%), Ni (18.7-23.8%), Cd (26.3-46.7%), TPH (49.4-60.1%). Primarily, TPH biodegradation was occurring as a result of basic bioremediation stimulated by adding optimal volumes of biogenic substances and corrections in the soil reaction, while phytoremediation improved this process by 17.4 - 23.1%. The highest drop in a range of 45.6 - 55.5% was recorded for the group of C12-C18 hydrocarbons, with the lowest one for C25-C36, amounting to 9.1-17.4%. Translocation factor values were: TF<1 and ranged, respectively, for: Pb (0.46-0.53), Ni (0.29-0.33), and Cd (0.21-0.25), which indicate that heavy metals absorbed by Festuca arundinacea they mainly accumulated in the root of the tissue in descending order: Cd