RESUMO
The character of motor activity of female crickets Gryllus argentinus Sauss. was studied in norm and under conditions of inactivation of cercal organ at realization of reproductive and protective behavior at various steps of adult ontogenesis (at the 2nd, 7th, and 12th day). There are described and analyzed various forms of female motor reactions on a movable track-ball at presentation f models of male intraspecies call and aggressive signals. The reversible inactivation or cereal receptors was shown to lead to disturbance of mechanisms of realization of normal reproductive behavior in the end of prereproductive and in the beginning of reproductive periods of adult ontogenesis. This is manifested as a significant decrease of reactions of positive phonotaxis in response to presentation of model of the male call signal in individuals with experimental sensory pathology as compared with the control cricket group (norm). No significant differences in portions of typical directed motor reactions were established in norm and under conditions of sensory pathology at presentation of aggressive signal. Thus, we have managed to show that preservation of tympanal organ is the necessary, but not sufficient condition of realization of adequate acoustic reproductive behavior. Only by working together, the distant mechanoreceptor systems (the cereal and the tympanal ones) are able to provide adequate behavior. This confirmed to earlier put forward hypothesis about interaction of distant mechanoreceptor systems and about the existence of the single sensory complex necessary for realization of insect adequate behavior.
Assuntos
Gryllidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Atividade Motora , Animais , Feminino , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , ReproduçãoRESUMO
The work presents data on reproductive and protective behavior of non-copulative female crickets Gryllus argentinus Sauss. at the beginning of adult ontogenesis. There is studied character of interaction of females with "virtual" males (the method of "trackball". The forms of female motor reactions are described and characterized in the model of male intraspecies signals--the call and aggressive ones. The character of development of female acoustic behavior is described by a change in the motor reaction forms in the course of adult ontogenesis. It is shown that at once after moulting the reproductive behavior on adults has not yet been formed, but is maturing gradually for several days. The passive protective behavior was established to be the most expressed at the initial stages of adult ontogenesis.
Assuntos
Gryllidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Acústica , Animais , Feminino , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reprodução/fisiologiaRESUMO
Cytogenetic analysis of five Solanum lycopersicoides monosomic alien addition lines of tomato was carried out. Meiotic analysis showed that additional chromosomes caused serious abnormalities. It was demonstrated that different chromosomes of S. lycopersicoides had different effects on chromosome pairing. For instance, associations formed between chromosomes II and IV of S. lycopersicoides and chromosomes of cultured tomato were trivalents, while chromosome XI in all cells was present as a univalent. Pachytene analysis showed that chromosomes of homeologous group II paired at their long arms, and their nucleolus organizer regions were of different sizes. The use of molecular markers provided accelerated identification of the introgression of S. lyvcopersicoides genetic material.
Assuntos
Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum/genética , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Pareamento Cromossômico , Análise Citogenética/métodos , Hibridização Genética , Meiose/genética , Recombinação GenéticaRESUMO
Naked tungsten microelectrodes were introduced through the chitinous wall close to the cell body of the receptor cells of trichoid hair sensillae, and responses to airpuffs, and rectangular, and trapezoidal displacements of the hair were recorded. Receptors of dorsal zone are activated during lateral deflection, those of ventral zone--during medial deflection and receptors of medial and lateral zones--during deflection to the cercal base. Sensitivity of receptors to the air-puffs is a function of hair length, the largest hairs being most sensitive. During trapezoidal displacement of the hair with different velocities of the slope, discharge frequency of the dynamic response is a function of velocity and angle in the range of angles up to 3-5 degrees (fig. 1). Discharge frequency of the stationary phase (corresponding to the plateau of the stimulus) is mainly a function of velocity in the range up to 6 degrees (fig. 2). The presence of sensillae with different hair length, and hence sensitivity, and definite directionality of receptors in different hair length, and hence sensitivity, and definite directionality of receptors in different zones may provide a basis for amplitude, velocity and direction discrimination of air-puffs or low-frequency mechanical stimulation by the cercal system of crickets.