[Characteristic features of etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of urinary tract infection pathogens in patients with diabetes mellitus].

Patients with diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infection were examined. The structure of the pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility were investigated. Escherichia coli was shown to be the main pathogen of urinary tract infections in the patients with diabetes mellitus. The highest activity against the E. coli isolates was revealed in amoxycillin/clavulanate (92% of the susceptible strains), the 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, amikacin (100%) and fluoroquinolones (96%). At the same time the isolates were resistant to aminopenicillins and co-trimoxazole (29.3 and 16% respectively).

[Problems of prevalance and resistance of nosocomial Klebsiella pneumonia in hospitals of Russia].

Prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae among gramnegative pathogens of nosocomial infections in intensive care units of 33 hospitals of 22 towns in Russia was investigated. Antibiotic susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production were tested in 420 nosocomial K. pneumoniae isolates. Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem) showed the highest activity. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production based on the phenotyping methods was revealed in 342 (81.4%) isolates. The maximum activity against the K. pneumoniae isolates producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase was observed in imipenem and meropenem (no unsusceptible strains were isolated). 3.2% of the isolates was not susceptible to ertapenem. Differences in the activity of cefoperazone/sulbactam, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing isolates in various hospitals were recorded.

[Aminoglycoside resistance in gramnegative pathogens of nosocomial infections in Russia]. / Osobennosti rezistentnosti gramotritsatel'nykh vozbuditelei nozokomial'nykh infektsii k aminoglikozidam v Rossii.

The study of the mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance in gramnegative pathogens of nosocomial infections in 14 hospitals of Russia showed that the basic mechanism was production of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, mainly adenylyl transferase ANT(2"), acetyl transferases AAC(3)-V and ACC(6)-I, and phosphotransferases APH(3')-I and APH(3')-VI. In all the hospitals enzymes modifying gentamicin and tobramycin were wide spread while the resistance phenotypes to aminoglycosides were different in separate hospitals. Isepamycin proved to be the most active aminoglycoside. Recommendations for the use of antibiotics in hospital formulas and empiric therapy should be developed on the basis of the local specific features of the resistance in nosocomial pathogens to aminoglycosides.

[Antibacterial drug resistance of gram-negative agents causing urinary infections in female outpatients in Russia: results of multicenter study]. / Rezistentnost' gramotritsatel'nykh vozbuditelei infektsii mochevyvodiashchikh putei k antibakterial'nym preparatam u ambulatornykh patsientok v Rossii. Rezul'taty mnogotsentrovogo issledovaniia.

AIM: To investigate the spectrum of gram-negative agents causing acute and recurrent cystitis in outpatients and sensitivity of uropathogenic E. coli to antibacterial drugs; to compare drug resistance of uropathogenic E. coli isolated in Russia and other countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The spectrum of gram-negative bacteria was identified in 299 cases of acute and recurrent cystitis in Moscow, Smolensk and Novosibirsk. 271 E. coli uropathogenic strains were examined according to CA-SFM and NCCLS criteria for sensitivity to ampicilline, gentamycin, trimetoprim, co-trimoxasol, nitrofurantoine, nalidixic acid, pipemidine acid, norfloxacine, ciprofloxacine, nitroxoline. RESULTS: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris caused acute and recurrent cystitis in 90.6, 6.4, 1, 1.7, 0.3% of the examinees, respectively. For Moscow relative agents were: E. coli (80.8%), K. pneumoniae (13.1%), K. oxytoca (2.3%), P. mirabilis (3.1%), P. vulgaris (0.7%). In Smolensk E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis were isolated in 96.3, 2.5 and 1.2%, respectively. E. coli occurred in 100% of Novosibirsk cases. Mean Russian values of the resistance to ampicilline, gentamycin, trimetoprim, co-trimoxasol, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, pipemidine acid, norfloxacine, ciprofloxacine, nitroxoline were the following: 33.3, 5.9, 20.3, 18.4, 2.9, 5.5, 4.4, 2.6, 2.6 and 94.1%, respectively. Resistance to 2 and more drugs was registered in 18.4% of E. coli strains. CONCLUSION: Cystitis in women was in most cases caused by E. coli. The highest resistance among uropathogenic strains E. coli was observed to nitroxoline, ampicilline, trimetoprim and co-trimoxasole; maximal antibacterial activity against uropathogenic E. coli was shown by fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin).

[Experimental substantiation of population heterogeneity in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus]. / Eksperimental'noe obosnovanie geterogennosti populiatsii metitsillinrezistentnykh Staphylococcus aureus.

A comprehensive intraspecies typing of the cultures of MRSA collected during inspection of drug resistance in causative agents of intrahospital infections was performed. The following parameters were investigated: antibiotic resistance, toxin production, sensitivity to the phages of the International Set and the phages of an experimental collection providing the isolation of strains with definite specificity of the restriction-modification system. Different clones of methicillin resistant S. aureus were found to be circulating on the territory of the CIS.

Evidence for noninvolvement of brain glycoprotein metabolism in escape training.

In two experiments, 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats received escape training in a two-choice four-alley water maze. Following training, glycosyl transferase activities of brain microsomal fractions were assayed in control and experimental animals. No significant group differences were observed in the extent of transfer of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine to endogenous or exogenous acceptors. The results suggested a lack of participation of whole brain glycoprotein metabolism in an escape learning situation.