In situ electrokinetic remediation of As-, Cu-, and Pb-contaminated paddy soil using hexagonal electrode configuration: a full scale study.

We investigated the in situ applicability of the electrokinetic process with a hexagonal electrode configuration in order to remediate arsenic (As)-, copper (Cu)-, and lead (Pb)-contaminated paddy rice field soil at a field scale (width 17 m, length 12.2 m, and depth 1.6 m). An iron electrode was used in order to prevent the severe acidification of the soil near the anode. We selected ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a pursing electrolyte to enhance the extraction of Cu and Pb. The system removed 44.4% of the As, 40.3% of the Cu, and 46.6% of the Pb after 24 weeks of operation. Fractionation analysis showed that the As bound to amorphous ion (Fe) and aluminum (Al) oxyhydroxides was changed into a form of As specifically bound. In the case of Cu and Pb, the fraction bound to Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide primarily decreased. The EDTA formed negatively charged complexes with Cu and Pb, and those complexes were transported toward the anode. The energy consumption was very low compared to that on a small scale because there was less energy consumption due to Joule heating. These results show that the in situ electrokinetic process could be applied in order to remediate paddy rice fields contaminated with multiple metals.

Field application of electrokinetic remediation for multi-metal contaminated paddy soil using two-dimensional electrode configuration.

In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of in situ electrokinetic remediation for arsenic (As)-, copper (Cu)-, and lead (Pb)-contaminated soil, in a pilot-scale field application with two-dimensional electrode configurations. Square and hexagonal configurations with different electrode spacing, 1 m and 2 m, were investigated under a constant 100 V. A square configuration with electrode spacing of 2 m removed 61.5 % of As, 11.4 % of Cu, and 0.9 % of Pb, respectively, and a hexagonal configuration with the same spacing showed a higher removal efficiency in top (59 % of As, 0-0.5 m) and middle (53 % of As, 0.5-1.0 m) layers, but much lower removal efficiency in the bottom layer (1-1.5 m), which was thought to be due to groundwater flow through periodic rise and fall of tides. Fractionation analysis showed that As bound to Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide was the main form of As removed by the electrokinetic process. The two-dimensional configuration wasted less electrical energy by Joule heating, and required fewer electrode installations, compared to the one-dimensional electrode configuration.

Electrokinetic remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil: conditioning of anolyte.

The feasibility of anolyte conditioning on electrokinetic remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil was investigated with a field soil. The initial concentration of fluorine, pH and water content in the soil were 414mg/kg, 8.91 and 15%, respectively. Because the extraction of fluorine generally increased with the soil pH, the pH of the anode compartment was controlled by circulating strong alkaline solution to enhance the extraction of fluorine during electrokinetic remediation. The removal of fluorine increased with the concentration of the alkaline solution and applied current density and fluorine removed up to 75.6% within 14 days. Additionally, anolyte conditioning sharply increased the electro-osmotic flow, which enhanced the removal of fluorine in this study. In many respects, anolyte conditioning in electrokinetic remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil will be a promising technology.

Phosphorylation of the histone deacetylase 7 modulates its stability and association with 14-3-3 proteins.

Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a role in myogenesis and inhibit transcriptional activation by myocyte enhancer factors 2. A distinct feature of class II HDACs is their ability to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in a cell type- and signal-dependent manner. We demonstrate here that treatment with the 26 S proteosome inhibitors, MG132 and ALLN, leads to detection of ubiquitinated HDAC7 and causes accumulation of cytoplasmic HDAC7. We also show that treatment with calyculin A, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, leads to a marked increase of HDAC7 but not HDAC5. The increase in HDAC7 is accompanied by enhanced interaction between 14-3-3 proteins and HDAC7. HDAC7 mutations that prevent the interaction with 14-3-3 proteins also block calyculin A-mediated stabilization. Expression of constitutively active calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase I stabilizes HDAC7 and causes an increased association between HDAC7 and 14-3-3. Together, our results suggest that calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase I-mediated phosphorylation of HDAC7 acts, in part, to promote association of HDAC7 with 14-3-3 and stabilizes HDAC7.