Anti-LGI1 encephalitis preceded by psychiatric symptoms: A case report.

Background: To date, only a few reports of anti-LGI1 encephalitis with isolated psychiatric symptoms in the initial phase have been reported. We present a relatively rare case of antileucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis that developed only psychiatric symptoms at the onset. Case Presentation: The patient was a male in his 40s who developed anxiety and panic symptoms and was started on antidepressants after being diagnosed with panic disorder by a psychiatrist. He visited our hospital 2 months later presenting with hallucinations, delusions, mild cognitive decline, and faciobrachial dystonic seizures in the left upper extremity and face. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging revealed swelling and hyperintensities in the right caudate nucleus and putamen. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis did not show increased protein levels or cell counts and revealed positive oligoclonal bands. Subsequently, positive results for anti-LGI1 antibodies were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Conclusion: This case highlights the need to consider anti-LGI1 encephalitis therapy in patients with acute-onset psychiatric symptoms.

Clinical presentations and diagnostic application of proposed biomarkers in psychiatric-onset prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies.

Research criteria for the diagnosis of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) include three clinical subtypes: mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB), delirium-onset prodromal DLB, and psychiatric-onset prodromal DLB. Late-onset psychiatric manifestations are at a higher risk of developing dementia, but its relation to prodromal DLB remains unclear. In addition to the risk of severe antipsychotic hypersensitivity reactions, accurate discrimination from non-DLB cases is important due to the potential differences in management and prognosis. This article aims to review a rapidly evolving psychiatric topic and outline clinical pictures of psychiatric-onset prodromal DLB, including the proposed biomarker findings of MCI-LB: polysomnography-confirmed rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, cardiac [123I]metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy, and striatal dopamine transporter imaging. We first reviewed clinical pictures of patients with autopsy-confirmed DLB. Regarding clinical reports, we focused on the patients who predominantly presented with psychiatric manifestations and subsequently developed DLB. Thereafter, we reviewed clinical studies regarding the diagnostic applications of the proposed biomarkers to patients with late-onset psychiatric disorders. Clinical presentations were mainly late-onset depression and psychosis; however, other clinical manifestations were also reported. Psychotropic medications before a DLB diagnosis may cause extrapyramidal signs, and potentially influences the proposed biomarker findings. These risks complicate clinical manifestation interpretation during the management of psychiatric symptoms. Longitudinal follow-up studies with standardised evaluations until conversion to DLB are needed to investigate the temporal trajectories of core features and proposed biomarker findings. In patients with late-onset psychiatric disorders, identification of patients with psychiatric-onset prodromal DLB provides the opportunity to better understanding the distinct prognostic subgroup that is at great risk of incident dementia. Advances in the establishment of direct biomarkers for the detection of pathological α-synuclein may encourage reorganising the phenotypic variability of prodromal DLB.

In vivo stable 211At-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted tracer using a neopentyl glycol structure.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a common cancer among men worldwide that has a very poor prognosis, especially when it progresses to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Therefore, novel therapeutic agents for mCRPC are urgently required. Because prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in mCRPC, targeted alpha therapy (TAT) for PSMA is a promising treatment for mCRPC. Astatine-211 (211At) is a versatile α-emitting radionuclide that can be produced using a cyclotron. Therefore, 211At-labeled PSMA compounds could be useful for TAT; however, 211At-labeled compounds are unstable against deastatination in vivo. In this study, to develop in vivo stable 211At-labeled PSMA derivatives, we designed and synthesized 211At-labeled PSMA derivatives using a neopentyl glycol (NpG) structure that can stably retain 211At in vivo. We also evaluated their biodistribution in normal and tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS: We designed and synthesized 211At-labeled PSMA derivatives containing two glutamic acid (Glu) linkers between the NpG structure and asymmetric urea (NpG-L-PSMA ((L-Glu)2 linker used) and NpG-D-PSMA ((D-Glu)2 linker used)). First, we evaluated the characteristics of 125I-labeled NpG derivatives because 125I was readily available. [125I]I-NpG-L-PSMA and [125I]I-NpG-D-PSMA showed low accumulation in the stomach and thyroid, indicating their high in vivo stability against deiodination. [125I]I-NpG-L-PSMA was excreted in urine as hydrophilic radiometabolites in addition to the intact form. Meanwhile, [125I]I-NpG-D-PSMA was excreted in urine in an intact form. In both cases, no radioactivity was observed in the free iodine fraction. [125I]I-NpG-D-PSMA showed higher tumor accumulation than [125I]I-NpG-L-PSMA. We then developed 211At-labeled PSMA using the NpG-D-PSMA structure. [211At]At-NpG-D-PSMA showed low accumulation in the stomach and thyroid in normal mice, indicating its high stability against deastatination in vivo. Moreover, [211At]At-NpG-D-PSMA showed high accumulation in tumor similar to that of [125I]I-NpG-D-PSMA. CONCLUSIONS: [211At]At-NpG-D-PSMA showed high in vivo stability against deastatination and high tumor accumulation. [211At]At-NpG-D-PSMA should be considered as a potential new TAT for mCRPC.

Longitudinal Changes of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow on a Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Scan in a Patient With Schizophrenia Having Cotard's Syndrome.

Cotard's syndrome is a rare clinical condition characterized by the presence of nihilistic delusions, delusions of immortality, depressive mood, and anxiety. Longitudinal changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) obtained under different conditions with and without Cotard's syndrome have rarely been reported in the literature. We report a case of a patient with Cotard's syndrome in whom longitudinal rCBF was assessed using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The patient was a 52-year-old man suffering from schizophrenia and mild mental retardation. He was transported to our hospital because of lumbar fractures caused by a suicidal attempt. In the second week after admission, he displayed Cotard's syndrome, i.e., nihilistic delusions, suicidal thoughts, and depressive mood. SPECT with 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer was performed, and the rCBF increased in the bilateral prefrontal cortex but decreased in the occipital and parietal lobes. He was treated with pharmacotherapy mainly using lurasidone, and his Cotard's symptoms disappeared. SPECT was performed again. The increased rCBF in the bilateral prefrontal cortex and the decreased rCBF in the right occipital and parietal lobes were improved. The present case suggests that increased rCBF in the prefrontal cortex and decreased rCBF in the right occipital and parietal lobes are associated with the development of Cotard's syndrome.

Tau filaments with the chronic traumatic encephalopathy fold in a case of vacuolar tauopathy with VCP mutation D395G.

Dominantly inherited mutation D395G in the gene encoding valosin-containing protein causes vacuolar tauopathy, a type of behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, with marked vacuolation and abundant filamentous tau inclusions made of all six brain isoforms. Here we report that tau inclusions were concentrated in layers II/III of the frontotemporal cortex in a case of vacuolar tauopathy. By electron cryomicroscopy, tau filaments had the chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) fold. Tau inclusions of vacuolar tauopathy share this cortical location and the tau fold with CTE, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex, which are believed to be environmentally induced. Vacuolar tauopathy is the first inherited disease with the CTE tau fold.

Prediction of Co-Occurrence of Lewy Body Disease with Alzheimer's Disease.

Identifying the coexistence of Lewy body (LB) pathology with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinical practice is important in the era of anti-amyloid-ß antibody therapy. However, few studies have predicted the presence of comorbid LB pathology with AD using indicative biomarkers of dementia with Lewy bodies or by collecting detailed clinical symptoms. We report the clinical progression of a 67-year-old patient diagnosed with AD who developed rapid eye movement sleep disorder-like symptoms and transient visual hallucinations 10 years after AD onset and was considered to have comorbid LB pathology based on imaging indicative biomarkers of dementia with Lewy bodies.

Megalin-related mechanism of hemolysis-induced acute kidney injury and the therapeutic strategy.

Hemolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is attributed to heme-mediated proximal tubule epithelial cell (PTEC) injury and tubular cast formation due to intratubular protein condensation. Megalin is a multiligand endocytic receptor for proteins, peptides, and drugs in PTECs and mediates the uptake of free hemoglobin and the heme-scavenging protein α1-microglobulin. However, understanding of how megalin is involved in the development of hemolysis-induced AKI remains elusive. Here, we investigated the megalin-related pathogenesis of hemolysis-induced AKI and a therapeutic strategy using cilastatin, a megalin blocker. A phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis model developed in kidney-specific mosaic megalin knockout (MegKO) mice confirmed megalin-dependent PTEC injury revealed by the co-expression of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). In the hemolysis model in kidney-specific conditional MegKO mice, the uptake of hemoglobin and α1-microglobulin as well as KIM-1 expression in PTECs was suppressed, but tubular cast formation was augmented, likely due to the nonselective inhibition of protein reabsorption in PTECs. Quartz crystal microbalance analysis revealed that cilastatin suppressed the binding of megalin with hemoglobin and α1-microglobulin. Cilastatin also inhibited the specific uptake of fluorescent hemoglobin by megalin-expressing rat yolk sac tumor-derived L2 cells. In a mouse model of hemolysis-induced AKI, repeated cilastatin administration suppressed PTEC injury by inhibiting the uptake of hemoglobin and α1-microglobulin and also prevented cast formation. Hemopexin, another heme-scavenging protein, was also found to be a novel ligand of megalin, and its binding to megalin and uptake by PTECs in the hemolysis model were suppressed by cilastatin. Mass spectrometry-based semiquantitative analysis of urinary proteins in cilastatin-treated C57BL/6J mice indicated that cilastatin suppressed the reabsorption of a limited number of megalin ligands in PTECs, including α1-microglobulin and hemopexin. Collectively, cilastatin-mediated selective megalin blockade is an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent both heme-mediated PTEC injury and cast formation in hemolysis-induced AKI. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Identifying the Trends of Urinary microRNAs within Extracellular Vesicles for Esophageal Cancer.

Background: The advancement of multidisciplinary treatment has increased the need to develop tests to monitor tumor burden during treatment. We herein analyzed urinary microRNAs within extracellular vesicles from patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and normal individuals using a microarray. Methods: Patients with advanced ESCC who underwent esophagectomy (A), endoscopic submucosal resection (ESD) (B), and healthy donors (C) were included. Based on microRNA expression among the groups (Analysis 1), microRNAs with significant differences between groups A and C were selected (Analysis 2). Of these candidates, microRNAs in which the change between A and C was consistent with the change between B and C were selected for downstream analysis (Analysis 3). Finally, microRNA expression was validated in patients with recurrence from A (exploratory analysis). Results: For analysis 1, 205 microRNAs were selected. For Analyses 2 and 3, the changes in 18 microRNAs were consistent with changes in tumor burden as determined by clinical imaging and pathological findings. The AUC for the detection of ESCC using 18 microRNAs was 0.72. In exploratory analysis, three of eighteen microRNAs exhibited a concordant trend with recurrence. Conclusions: The current study identified the urinary microRNAs which were significantly expressed in ESCC patients. Validation study is warranted to evaluate whether these microRNAs could reflect tumor burden during multidisciplinary treatment for ESCC.

Micrographia after midbrain infarction alleviated by Japanese calligraphy-style writing: A case report.

•A 77-year-old right-handed man experienced an infarct in the right midbrain.•Ipsilesional progressive micrographia occurred after the midbrain infarct.•Micrographia improved when the patient wrote as if practicing Japanese calligraphy.•Further studies should confirm the utility of Japanese calligraphy in such cases.

Novel Flowchart Guiding the Non-Surgical and Surgical Management of Peri-Implant Complications: A Narrative Review.

Peri-implant diseases, such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, are induced by dysbiotic microbiota resulting in the inflammatory destruction of peri-implant tissue. Nonetheless, there has yet to be an established protocol for the treatment of these diseases in a predictable manner, although many clinicians and researchers have proposed various treatment modalities for their management. With the increase in the number of reports evaluating the efficacy of various treatment modalities and new materials, the use of multiple decontamination methods to clean infected implant surfaces is recommended; moreover, the use of hard tissue laser and/or air abrasion techniques may prove advantageous in the future. Limited evidence supports additional effects on clinical improvement in antimicrobial administration for treating peri-implantitis. Implantoplasty may be justified for decontaminating the implant surfaces in the supracrestal area. Surgical treatment is employed for advanced peri-implantitis, and appropriate surgical methods, such as resection therapy or combination therapy, should be selected based on bone defect configuration. This review presents recent clinical advances in debridement methods for contaminated implant surfaces and regenerative materials for treating peri-implant bone defects. It also proposes a new flowchart to guide the treatment decisions for peri-implant disease.

Case report: A case of anti-recoverin antibody-positive encephalitis exhibiting Cotard and Capgras delusions that was successfully treated with electroconvulsive therapy.

Recoverin is a neuron-specific calcium-binding protein that is mainly located in the retina and pineal gland. Few reports have described patients with anti-recoverin antibody-positive encephalitis, and no cases of psychosis associated with this encephalitis have been reported. We report a patient with anti-recoverin antibody-positive encephalitis with Cotard and Capgras delusions who was successfully treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The patient was a 25-year-old woman. She exhibited disorientation, executive function deficits, tremors in the upper limbs, generalized athetoid-like involuntary movements, hallucinations, incontinence, and fever, which led to her admission to our hospital. Upon admission, she complained of Cotard delusions. Various diagnostic tests, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis, antibody screening, and brain imaging, were unremarkable, except for positivity for serum anti-recoverin antibodies, non-specific general slowing on electroencephalography and decreased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the frontal and occipital lobes, and increased rCBF in the basal ganglia and pons on single-photon emission computed tomography. She was eventually diagnosed with encephalitis positive for anti-recoverin antibodies and treated with immunoglobulins and steroids. Her neurological symptoms improved temporarily, but three months later, psychiatric symptoms, i.e., suicidal thoughts and Cotard and Capgras delusions, were exaggerated. After ECT, her condition significantly improved. In conclusion, the present report suggests that pineal gland dysfunction due to anti-recoverin antibody or its cross-reactivity with neuron-specific calcium-binding proteins may contribute to the neuropsychiatric symptoms observed in anti-recoverin antibody-positive encephalitis and that ECT can be a viable treatment option if immunotherapy proves ineffective. Additionally, decreased rCBF in the prefrontal cortex may be associated with the clinical features of Capgras and Cotard delusions.

Acute effects of the 4-4-8 breathing technique on arterial stiffness in healthy young men.

BACKGROUND: Increased arterial stiffness is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Slow, deep breathing decreases blood pressure related to arterial stiffness. The objective of the present study was to determine the acute effects of a single session of slow breathing on arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and cardiac autonomic function. METHODS: Fifteen healthy men (20 ± 0 years) were administered (a) a slow breathing condition (12 consecutive breaths of 4 s of inhalation, 4 s of pause, and 8 s of exhalation through the nose, approximately 5 min per breath) and (b) a control, two-condition crossover design. Carotid-femoral artery pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), brachial blood pressure, high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) were measured at baseline, 30 min, 60 min and 24 h after respiratory control. RESULTS: Brachial-ankle PWV and brachial systolic pressure on the 4-4-8 breathing trial decreased after 30 min of respiratory control compared to baseline (p < 0.05), but did not change on the CON trial. Carotid-femoral PWV on both trials was unchanged; HF on the 4-4-8 breathing trial increased (p < 0.05) and LF decreased (p < 0.05) after 30 min of respiratory control compared to baseline, but was unchanged on the CON trial. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that slow breathing techniques may be effective in modulating autonomic function and improving arterial stiffness in healthy young adults.

Application of Suggestive Biomarkers in Dementia With Lewy Bodies With Masking of Typical Clinical Symptoms by Alzheimer Disease-type Pathology.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is strongly associated with Alzheimer disease (AD)-type pathology and tends to mask the core clinical features of DLB. Therefore, there may be cases of undiagnosed DLB without suggestive biomarkers of DLB. We describe the case of a 63-year-old woman who was initially diagnosed as having AD and later diagnosed with DLB based on suggestive biomarkers of DLB. In this case, transient sleep talking with physical movements for several days led to the assessment of suggestive biomarkers for DLB in the absence of the core clinical features of DLB. For clinicians, diagnosing DLB in patients with AD-type pathology is challenging. However, the application of biomarkers suggestive of DLB to all patients with dementia is not realistic. To overcome the difficulties of clinical diagnosis of DLB, further research is needed regarding strategies for the application of suggestive biomarkers for DLB to appropriately diagnose DLB.

Identifying intense inflammatory subtype of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using clustering approach.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a risk-stratification system for predicting the postoperative recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, this study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of clusters based on blood inflammation and coagulation markers and investigate their correlation with serum cytokines and genetic alteration. METHOD: This single-center, retrospective cohort study enrolled 491 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent subtotal esophagectomy between 2004 and 2012. For cluster exploration, nonhierarchical cluster analysis and k-means were applied using serum C-reactive protein, albumin, fibrinogen, and platelet-lymphocyte ratio as variables. Then, multivariate survival analysis was conducted to investigate the association of clusters with recurrence-free survival. To characterize the clusters, serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and genetic alteration in primary tumors, the PleSSision-Rapid panel, which can evaluate 160 representative driver genes, was used. RESULTS: Patients were classified into clusters 1, 2, and 3, which included 24 (5%), 161 (33%), and 306 (62%) patients, respectively. Compared with cluster 3, cluster 1 or 2 had significantly worse recurrence-free survival. Based on the multivariable analysis using cluster, pStage, and age as covariates, cluster was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.21; P = 0.02). The percentage of serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels was the highest in cluster 1, followed by clusters 2 and 3. In 23 patients with available genomic profiles, no significant difference in representative genomic alterations was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Non-biased clustering using inflammation and coagulation markers identified the intense inflammatory subtype, which had an independent prognostic effect on recurrence-free survival.

Habitual isomaltulose intake reduces arterial stiffness associated with postprandial hyperglycemia in middle-aged and elderly people: a randomized controlled trial.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), produced by vascular endothelial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular tone. Isomaltulose, a naturally occurring sweetener and structural isomer of sucrose, reduces postprandial hyperglycemia, but its effect on arteriosclerosis due to hyperglycemia is unknown. The effects of 12 weeks of isomaltulose administration on ET-1 levels, a peptide that regulates arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and vascular tone, were tested before and after an oral glucose tolerance test. Fifty-four healthy middle-aged and older adults (30 men and 24 women) were divided into two groups: (1) a 25 g isomaltulose jelly drink intake group (Group I, 27 participants, mean age 55 ± 1 years) and (2) a sucrose jelly drink intake group (Group S, 27 participants, mean age 55 ± 1 years), each consuming isomaltulose or sucrose daily for 12 weeks, and a randomized, controlled study was conducted. Participants visited the laboratory before the intervention and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the intervention to measure carotid-femoral (cf) and brachial-ankle (ba) pulse wave velocity (PWV), systolic blood pressure (BP), plasma glucose (PG), insulin, and ET-1 levels before and 60 and 120 min after a 75-g OGTT. baPWV, and ET-1 levels before intervention were significantly increased after 75-g OGTT compared to before 75-g OGTT in both groups (p < 0.05). The post-intervention baPWV, and ET-1 levels were significantly increased after 75-g OGTT in Group S compared to before 75-g OGTT (p < 0.05), whereas no significant changes were observed in Group I. These results suggest that consumption of isomaltulose, which has a lower GI than sucrose, is more effective in preventing the increases in systemic arterial stiffness associated with postprandial hyperglycemia in healthy middle-aged and older adults.

Simple and Objective Evaluation Items for the Prognosis and Mortality of Delirium in Real-World Clinical Practice: A Preliminary Retrospective Study.

Objective: Identifying factors associated with poor outcomes in patients with delirium is important for predicting prognosis. This retrospective study developed an easy and objective cognitive function measurement scale that can predict the prognosis and mortality related to delirium. Methods: Fifty-five patients aged ≥65 years and diagnosed with delirium were included. Objective data regarding attention and orientation related to time and place were extracted from their medical records during the first consultation, and in total, six points were evaluated. The patients were categorized into high and low cognitive function (LCF) groups. The severity at the first visit and 1-week post-treatment was evaluated using the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale. Outcomes (survival or death) at 6 months from the initial visit were evaluated by reviewing medical records. Results: Although the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity score at the first visit was not significantly different between the two groups, 1 week after treatment, it was significantly lower in the high cognitive function (HCF) group than in the LCF group. Regarding the outcome (survival or death) after 6 months, the LCF group had significantly higher mortality than the HCF group. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed the same result (OR = 17.049, 95% CI = 2.415-120.373, p = 0.004). Conclusion: A simple cognitive assessment of attention and orientation may help predict unfavorable outcomes, including mortality, in patients with delirium.

Recent trends and perspectives in reconstruction and regeneration of intra/extra-oral wounds using tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalents.

Many conditions, including cancer, trauma, and congenital anomalies, can damage the oral mucosa. Multiple cultures of oral mucosal cells have been used for biocompatibility tests and oral biology studies. In recent decades, the clinical translation of tissue-engineered products has progressed significantly in developing tangible therapies and inspiring advancements in medical science. However, the reconstruction of an intraoral mucosa defect remains a significant challenge. Despite the drawbacks of donor-site morbidity and limited tissue supply, the use of autologous oral mucosa remains the gold standard for oral mucosa reconstruction and repair. Tissue engineering offers a promising solution for repairing and reconstructing oral mucosa tissues. Cell- and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches have been employed to treat various soft tissue defects, suggesting the potential clinical use of tissue-engineered oral mucosa (TEOMs). In this review, we first cover the recent trends in the reconstruction and regeneration of extra-/intra-oral wounds using TEOMs. Next, we describe the current status and challenges of TEOMs. Finally, future strategic approaches and potential technologies to support the advancement of TEOMs for clinical use are discussed.