Neural representation of animacy in the early visual areas: a functional MRI study.

Animacy helps to identify objects as living entities. To test the hypothesis that the perception of animacy via visual motion cues is represented in the same ventral visual pathways associated with living object identification through static visual information processing, 28 normal volunteers underwent functional MRI whilst tracking the movements of a self-propelling object. The target movement was held constant between conditions, whilst the animacy was externally manipulated by the presence of "chasers", from which the target was perceived to be escaping, and by "obstacles", which were static geometric objects with which the target avoided collision. The perception of target animacy was most powerfully induced by chasers, and a proximity effect was more prominently produced by obstacles. Animacy as induced by a chaser was associated with effects in the bilateral occipital poles (OPs) and the left inferior temporal gyrus to the lateral occipital complex (LOC). The LOC showed a stronger animacy effect, relative to the proximity effect, than the OPs. The effective connectivity between the LOC and the OPs was bi-directionally enhanced by the chasers. These findings suggest that both the LOC and the OPs play important roles in the identification of animated entities through the integration of information about the relationships between objects encoded in retinotopic coordinates.

Emotional expression boosts early visual processing of the face: ERP recording and its decomposition by independent component analysis.

To investigate the hypothesis that early visual processing of stimuli might be boosted by signals of emotionality, we analyzed event related potentials (ERPs) of twelve right-handed normal subjects. Gray-scale still images of faces with emotional (fearful and happy) or neutral expressions were presented randomly while the subjects performed gender discrimination of the faces. The results demonstrated that the faces with emotion (both fear and happiness) elicited a larger negative peak at about 270 ms (N270) over the posterior temporal areas, covering a broad range of posterior visual areas. The result of independent component analysis (ICA) on the ERP data suggested that this posterior N270 had a synchronized positive activity at the frontal-midline electrode. These findings confirm that the emotional signal boosts early visual processing of the stimuli. This enhanced activity might be implemented by the amygdalar re-entrant projections.

Difference in the metabolic response to photic stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex of infants: a fMRI study.

The metabolic change that occurs during early development of the human brain was studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in which the signal change reflects the balance between the supply and the demand of oxygen during stimulus-related neuronal activation. The subjects were 16 infants, aged < 1 year. They were sedated with pentobarbital, and 8-Hz flickering light was intermittently projected onto their eyelids. Two age groups were analyzed: infants < 60 days old and > 60 days old (corrected for gestational age at birth). The stimulus-related signal change was positive in the lateral geniculate nucleus regardless of the infants' age, but in the primary visual cortex reversed from positive in the younger group to negative in the older group. It is known that synaptogenesis in the lateral geniculate nucleus peaks before birth, and in the primary visual cortex accelerates in the second month after birth. Hence, the inversion of the stimulus-related signal change in the primary visual cortex may be due to an increased demand for oxygen owing to rapid synaptogenesis.

Hemagglutination activity of Campylobacter pylori.

Forty-five strains of Campylobacter pylori isolated from gastric biopsy specimens showed distinct hemagglutination activity. The activity was partially decreased by treatment with heat, trypsin, or an alkylating agent and was inhibited by porcine gastric mucin but not by various compounds, including D-mannose.