[Gene polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system components and the progression of chronic kidney diseases]. / Polimorfizm genów poszczególnych skladowych ukladu renina-angiotensyna-aldosteron a progresja przewleklej choroby nerek.

UNLABELLED: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension as well as cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney diseases. Among the most frequently studied RAAS gene polymorphisms are the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D), angiotensinogen M235T and angiotensin II receptor type 1 A1166C polymorphisms. A significant correlation was found between the I/D polymorphism and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates. However, there was no significant correlation between I/D, M235T, A1166C polymorphism and arterial hypertension. The role of I/D polymorphism in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease is also non-conclusive. However, DD genotype has been identified as relevant for loss of renal function both in patients with IgA nephropathy and in patients of Asian origin with diabetic nephropathy. The relationship between RAAS gene polymorphism and transplanted kidney function has not been confirmed in large prospective and retrospective studies. CONCLUSION: there is no clear opinion concerning the influence of RAAS genotypes on the prevalence of post-transplant hypertension or erythrocytosis. Although a role of RAAS gene polymorphism in kidney function deterioration could not be ruled out, it is more likely that a variety of genetic and environmental factors influence the progression of chronic kidney diseases.

[The influence of selected cytokine gene polymorphisms on the occurrence of acute and chronic rejection and on kidney graft survival]. / Wplyw polimorfizmów wybranych genów cytokin na wystepowanie ostrego i przewleklego odrzucania oraz na przezycie przeszczepionej nerki.

Genetically determined interindividual differences in the production of mediators of immune response may influence the outcomes of kidney transplantation. Of the cytokine gene polymorphisms that determine the level of gene expression, TNF-a -08G/A, IFN-g +874T/A and microsatellite (CA)n, TGF-b1 +869T/C and +915G/C, IL-6 -174G/C, and IL-10 -592C/A, -819C/T, and -1082G/A seem to have the strongest impact on graft survival. Increased risk of acute rejection (AR) was demonstrated for high-producing genotypes of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IFN-g, while the association with polymorphisms of TGF-b1 and IL-10 remains unclear. A high production of profibrotic TGF-b1 is associated with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA). In contrast, high genetically determined IL-6 gene expression played a protective role in the development of chronic rejection (CR). The risk of graft loss was greater among high TNF-a and low TGF-b1 or IL-6 producers. The results of kidney transplantation are also influenced by the donor's cytokine expression profile. Low IL-6 production donor genotype was associated with a higher prevalence of AR, CR, and IF/TA. Low donor transcriptional TGF-b1 gene activity predisposed the recipient to AR episodes and high IFN-g expression to IF/TA development. To date, study results are highly inconsistent, so the applicability of cytokine polymorphism genotyping remains questionable. In summary, it is difficult to conclude whether or not cytokine polymorphism genotyping is useful in the risk assessment of rejection and kidney graft survival and in applying optimal immunosuppressive medication.