Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/reabilitação , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/reabilitação , Lesões Encefálicas/mortalidade , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/mortalidade , Dinamarca , Humanos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Centros de Reabilitação , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/mortalidade , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/reabilitaçãoRESUMO
The Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC) was initiated by the Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society to develop evidence-based guidelines for improved care of neurotrauma patients. A MEDLINE search identified 475 papers dealing with the management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries. Fourty-two studies presenting Class II evidence on the initial management of such injuries were reviewed and management guidelines were developed. Implementation of the Head Injury Severity Scale is advocated. Patients with minimal injuries (no loss of consciousness (LOC), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 15) can be safely discharged. Routine early CT scan is recommended in cases with mild injuries (history of LOC, GCS 14-15) and patients with normal scans may be discharged. CT scan and admission is mandatory in moderate injuries (GCS < or = 13). All patients harbouring additional risk factors should be scanned and admitted. A flow chart for clinical decision making and a Head Injury Instruction card are introduced.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Craniocerebrais , Estado de Consciência , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/cirurgia , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/terapia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Hematoma/diagnóstico , Hematoma/cirurgia , Hematoma/terapia , Humanos , Hemorragias Intracranianas/diagnóstico , Hemorragias Intracranianas/cirurgia , Hemorragias Intracranianas/terapia , Monitorização Fisiológica , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Fatores de Risco , Países Escandinavos e Nórdicos , InconsciênciaRESUMO
The Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC) was created by the Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society in order to develop evidence-based guidelines for improved care of neurotrauma patients. A MEDLINE search identified 475 papers dealing with the management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries. Forty-two studies presenting Class II evidence on the initial management of such injuries were reviewed, and management guidelines were developed. Implementation of the Head Injury Severity Scale is advocated. Patients with Minimal injuries (no loss of consciousness (LOC), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 15) can be safely discharged. Routine early computerized tomography (CT) scan is recommended in cases with Mild injuries (history of LOC, GCS 14-15) and patients with normal scans may be discharged. CT scan and admission is mandatory in Moderate injuries (GCS 9-13). All patients with additional risk factors should be scanned and admitted. A flow-chart for clinical decision making and a Head Injury Instruction card is introduced. The SNC suggests guidelines that should be safe and cost-effective for the initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Craniocerebrais , Estado de Consciência , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados como Assunto , Análise Custo-Benefício , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/terapia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Hemorragia Intracraniana Traumática/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Intracraniana Traumática/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia Intracraniana Traumática/etiologia , Hemorragia Intracraniana Traumática/terapia , Admissão do Paciente , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Tempo de Reação , Fatores de Risco , Países Escandinavos e Nórdicos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , InconsciênciaRESUMO
The Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC) was created by the Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society in order to develop evidence-based guidelines for improved care of neurotrauma patients. A MEDLINE search identified 475 papers dealing with the management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries. Forty-two studies presenting Class II evidence on the initial management of such injuries were reviewed, and management guidelines were developed. Implementation of the Head Injury Severity Scale is advocated. Patients with Minimal injuries (no loss of consciousness [LOC], Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 15) can be safely discharged. Routine early computerized tomography [CT] scan is recommended in cases with Mild injuries (history of LOC, GCS 14-15) and patients with normal scans may be discharged. CT scan and admission is mandatory in Moderate injuries (GCS 9-13). All patients with additional risk factors should be scanned and admitted. A flow-chart for clinical decision making and a Head Injury Instruction card is introduced. The SNC suggests guidelines that should be safe and cost-effective for the initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Craniocerebrais , Estado de Consciência , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/terapia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Hemorragias Intracranianas/diagnóstico , Hemorragias Intracranianas/etiologia , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Estudos Prospectivos , Radiografia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Países Escandinavos e Nórdicos , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , InconsciênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee was initiated by the Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society to develop evidence-based guidelines for improved care of neurotrauma patients. METHODS: A MEDLINE search identified 475 papers dealing with the management of minimal, mild, and moderate head injuries. Forty-two studies presenting class II evidence on the initial management of such injuries were reviewed and management guidelines were developed. RESULTS: Implementation of the Head Injury Severity Scale is advocated. Patients with minimal injuries (no loss of consciousness, Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15) can be safely discharged. Routine early computed tomographic scan is recommended in cases with mild injuries (history of loss of consciousness, Glasgow Coma Scale score = 14-15) and patients with normal scans may be discharged. Computed tomographic scan and admission is mandatory in moderate injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale score = 13). All patients harboring additional risk factors should be scanned and admitted. A flow-chart for clinical decision making and a Head Injury Instruction card is introduced. CONCLUSIONS: The Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee suggests guidelines that should be safe and cost-effective for the initial management of minimal, mild, and moderate head injuries.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/terapia , Humanos , Países Escandinavos e Nórdicos , Índices de Gravidade do TraumaRESUMO
The scintigrams and records of 28 patients referred for indium-111-granulocyte scintigraphy (111In-GS) because of a suspected brain abscess were studied retrospectively. The final diagnosis was brain abscess in 8 patients, brain tumor in 18 patients, and infarct and hematoma in 1 patient each. Five patients not on corticosteroid treatment showed intense focal 111In accumulation in abscesses, whereas an abscess patient receiving a high steroid dose showed no uptake. Two patients studied twice showed intense uptake in abscesses when not on steroid therapy or on a low dose, whereas no uptake was seen when they received high or medium doses. Weak or moderate 111In uptake was observed in nine tumors. Microscopically assessed degree of tumor granulocyte infiltration, vessel proliferation, and hemorrhage did not correlate with the outcome of 111In GS. Our results suggest that intense focal cerebral 111In uptake favors the abscess diagnosis. Abscesses may go undetected, however, in patients on high- or medium-dose steroid therapy.
Assuntos
Abscesso Encefálico/diagnóstico por imagem , Granulócitos , Adolescente , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Abscesso Encefálico/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Radioisótopos de Índio , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cintilografia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
In conventional techniques concerning insertion of ventriculoatrial shunt systems, the route to the caval system is accomplished by a lateral rightsided neck dissection and isolation usually of the facial or the external jugular vein, in order to introduce the atrial catheter into the internal jugular vein and consequently the superior vena cava. A new approach for catheterization of the internal jugular vein is proposed. The technique is a combination of the well proven approach for percutaneous catheterization of the vein and a technique used in the implantation of permanent pacemaker leads. We find the method suitable for cases whenever a VA-shunt is preferred.
Assuntos
Derivações do Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/métodos , Átrios do Coração , Humanos , Veias Jugulares , Punções/métodosAssuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito , Traumatismos em Atletas/etiologia , Ciclismo , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/etiologia , Esportes , Adolescente , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/epidemiologia , Dinamarca , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Lumbar disc surgery was performed in fifty consecutive patients and variation in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), complement C 3 d, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels before and after surgery were recorded. Preoperative values were within normal limits in all patients. Postoperatively, CRP increased immediately, with a maximum of 28.5 mg/l on the 2nd day and were normalized within 6 days. The maximum ESR elevation occurred after the 6th day and was followed by a slow decrease. After 12 weeks some patients still had an elevated ESR. Plasma C 3 varied pari passu with the ESR. Uncomplicated recovery after lumbar disc surgery seems to be indicated by a normalization of CRP, regardless of ESR values. Therefore, ESR may not be so useful as an indicator of disc space inflammation as previously accepted.
Assuntos
Sedimentação Sanguínea , Proteína C-Reativa/sangue , Complemento C3/análise , Disco Intervertebral/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Complemento C3d , Feminino , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The results of the treatment of 15 cases of ventriculitis related to the use of external ventricular drainage are presented. A review of the literature on the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections combined with our data suggest the following treatment of ventriculostomy-related ventriculitis: 1. Antibiotic treatment according to the resistance pattern of the infecting microorganism and 2. Removal or replacement of the ventricular drain. 3. One should wait for bacteriological cure before implanting a permanent internal drainage system.
Assuntos
Ventrículos Cerebrais , Derivações do Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/efeitos adversos , Encefalite/etiologia , Ventriculostomia/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Encefalite/tratamento farmacológico , Encefalite/cirurgia , Hematoma/cirurgia , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/cirurgiaRESUMO
The present report describes the late treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus in a patient in whom all conventional drainage techniques failed due to foreign-body reaction. A combination of subdural autodrainage and the ventriculostoma principle carried out by means of laser surgery was successful in achieving adequate drainage. The patient subsequently showed considerable improvement both clinically and psychologically after the operation. Sixteen months postoperatively the patient is in good health and a computed tomography scan confirmed well-functioning autodrainage.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/cirurgia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/cirurgia , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Adolescente , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/fisiologia , Derivações do Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Reação a Corpo Estranho/etiologia , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Terapia a Laser , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
In a prospective study involving a total of 87 ventriculostomies, ventriculostomy-related infections (based upon a bacteriological definition) developed in 15 patients (17.2 per cent). Intraventricular haemorrhage was related to a higher infection rate. Infection was most frequent within the first days after the external ventricular drain (EVD) was inserted. There was no relation between infection and the number of manipulations of the EVD or antibiotic treatment during the time of EVD placement.
Assuntos
Ventrículos Cerebrais/cirurgia , Encefalite/epidemiologia , Meningite/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Drenagem , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Pressão Intracraniana , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , RiscoRESUMO
Intracerebral abscess is a diagnosis which occasionally can be difficult to establish by using CT scan only. This survey describes the usefulness of a supplementary indium-111 autologous granulocyte scan which may increase the diagnostic specificity in the differential diagnosis between neoplasm and intracranial abscess. Judging from the literature and our own investigations the application of the granulocyte scan is discussed with special reference to the possible pitfalls which can give both false negative and false positive results.