Isolation and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria With Probiotic Attributes From Different Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Free-living Wild Boars in Hungary.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the microbiota play an important role in human and animal health and, when used as probiotics, can contribute to an increased growth performance in livestock management. Animals living in their native habitat can serve as natural sources of microorganisms, so isolation of LAB strains from wild boars could provide the opportunity to develop effective probiotics to improve production in swine industry. In this study, the probiotic potential of 56 LAB isolates, originated from the ileum, colon, caecum and faeces of 5 wild boars, were assessed in vitro in details. Their taxonomic identity at species level and their antibacterial activity against four representative strains of potentially pathogenic bacteria were determined. The ability to tolerate low pH and bile salt, antibiotic susceptibility, bile salt hydrolase activity and lack of hemolysis were tested. Draft genome sequences of ten Limosilactobacillus mucosae and three Leuconostoc suionicum strains were determined. Bioinformatic analysis excluded the presence of any known acquired antibiotic resistance genes. Three genes, encoding mesentericin B105 and two different bacteriocin-IIc class proteins, as well as two genes with possible involvement in mesentericin secretion (mesE) and transport (mesD) were identified in two L. suionicum strains. Lam29 protein, a component of an ABC transporter with proved function as mucin- and epithelial cell-adhesion factor, and a bile salt hydrolase gene were found in all ten L. mucosae genomes. Comprehensive reconsideration of all data helps to select candidate strains to assess their probiotic potential further in animal experiments.

Annual and seasonal trends in cow's milk quality determined by FT-MIR spectroscopy in Hungary between 2011 and 2020.

We analysed and monitored the major chemical composition of cow's bulk milk by Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy over a 10-year period in the whole territory of Hungary. In addition, the two most important key parameters for milk quality assessment, total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC) were also followed. Production parameters showed significant seasonal and yearly changes. The overall mean fat, protein, lactose and solids-non-fat (SNF) contents of cow's milk were 3.81%, 3.32%, 4.74% and 8.76%, respectively. A circannual variation was observed in the chemical composition and yield of milk components of samples examined between 2011 and 2020. Concerning milk fat, milk protein and SNF, the values were the lowest in summer and the highest in winter. In the case of lactose, the minimum values were measured in autumn and the maximum values in spring. An obvious trend of long-term elevation of lactose and SNF was found in the raw cow milk samples over the observed period. The overall mean TBC and SCC of cow's milk were 52 × 103 CFU ml-1 and 270 × 103 cells/ml, respectively. Although there were differences in the monthly average values, no seasonal cyclicality was observed.

Metagenomic Analysis of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance Determinants in the Gut Microbiota of Wild Boars (Sus Scrofa) - Preliminary Results.

INTRODUCTION: Land application of manure that contains antibiotics and resistant bacteria may facilitate the establishment of an environmental reservoir of antibiotic-resistant microbes, promoting their dissemination into agricultural and natural habitats. The main objective of this study was to search for acquired antibiotic resistance determinants in the gut microbiota of wild boar populations living in natural habitats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Gastrointestinal samples of free-living wild boars were collected in the Zemplén Mountains in Hungary and were characterised by culture-based, metagenomic, and molecular microbiological methods. Bioinformatic analysis of the faecal microbiome of a hunted wild boar from Japan was used for comparative studies. Also, shotgun metagenomic sequencing data of two untreated sewage wastewater samples from North Pest (Hungary) from 2016 were analysed by bioinformatic methods. Minimum spanning tree diagrams for seven-gene MLST profiles of 104 E. coli strains isolated in Europe from wild boars and domestic pigs were generated in Enterobase. RESULTS: In the ileum of a diarrhoeic boar, a dominant E. coli O112ab:H2 strain with intermediate resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin was identified, displaying sequence type ST388 and harbouring the EAST1 toxin astA gene. Metagenomic analyses of the colon and rectum digesta revealed the presence of the tetQ, tetW, tetO, and mefA antibiotic resistance genes that were also detected in the gut microbiome of four other wild boars from the mountains. Furthermore, the tetQ and cfxA genes were identified in the faecal microbiome of a hunted wild boar from Japan. CONCLUSION: The gastrointestinal microbiota of the free-living wild boars examined in this study carried acquired antibiotic resistance determinants that are highly prevalent among domestic livestock populations.

Changes in the values of two ultrasound-examined teat parameters during the dry period in dairy cows.

The length of the streak canal and the area of the teat end were studied by ultrasound during the dry period in 40 Holstein-Friesian cows. In the first week, the values of these teat parameters decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and this did not change significantly until the middle of the dry period. In the last month of gestation, the length of the streak canal was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while the area of the teat end did not decrease significantly (P > 0.05). At each of the five examination times, a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.85-0.94) was found between the two teat parameters. In healthy cows, the streak canal and the area of teat end, both of which are part of the udder's defence system, can regenerate sufficiently during the dry period, minimising the risk of contamination through the streak canal and the development of mastitis. If the regeneration of this defence system fails, the chances of infection through the streak canal increase.

Circannual changes in major chemical composition of bulk dromedary camel milk as determined by FT-MIR spectroscopy, and factors of variation.

We monitored the major chemical composition of bulk dromedary camel milk by FT-MIR spectroscopy over a 5-year period. The results highly correlated with those determined with reference methods (r > 0.985, p < 0.001). Production parameters showed significant (p < 0.001) seasonal and yearly changes. The overall mean fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat, and total solids concentrations of bulk dromedary camel milk were 2.87%, 2.94%, 4.15%, 8.00%, and 10.69%, respectively. Month of the year, year of the study, and level of production had a strong influence on bulk milk chemical composition and yield of milk components; however, the relative effect of season on composition was greater (proportion of variance app. 50%) compared to that of other factors of variation. The highest and lowest values were measured during winter and summer, respectively. Circannual variation in major milk components was associated with environmental conditions (photoperiod, temperature), whereas it was independent of nutritional factors.

Influencing factors of ADP-induced, epinephrine-induced and ristomycin-induced platelet aggregation in dogs.

Functional defects of platelets are often studied by in-vitro aggregation tests with chemical compounds such as ADP, epinephrine and ristomycin (ristocetin). The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of some diseases and that of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment on platelet aggregation in dogs. The examination had been carried out on 115 dogs by a Carat TX4 optical aggregometer (Entec GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany) first used in veterinary practice. The dogs were divided in three groups: healthy (control) dogs (n = 43), diseased dogs with normal haemostasis profile (n = 44), and dogs suffering from arthropathies with normal haemostasis profile treated with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ketoprofen or carprofen (n = 21). Following establishment of normal platelet aggregation curves in healthy dogs we found that some diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Cushing's disease, mastocytoma and lymphoma increased or decreased the aggregation maximum of platelets or caused changes in the feature of the aggregation curve. Carprofen treatment had no effect on platelet aggregation while ketoprofen decreased the aggregation maximum. These results showed that Carat TX4 aggregometer proved a useful instrument in studying platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma of dogs. For clinical pathologists it is important to know that the effects of some diseases and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatments have to be taken into account when in-vitro platelet aggregation is evaluated. Based on our results and on those of other studies, we think standardization in aggregation methodology is highly recommended in veterinary laboratories.