Value of ultrasound in the anatomical evaluation of the brachial plexus: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of ultrasound in the visualization of the brachial plexus and to determine the value of the method in comparison with that of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an anatomical study of the brachial plexuses of 20 asymptomatic adults (40 plexuses), comparing ultrasound and MRI in terms of their accuracy. In the ultrasound study, a high-frequency linear transducer was used, and a neurovascular coil was used in the MRI study. To estimate the frequency of visualization, the brachial plexus was divided into segments. RESULTS: The cervical nerve roots, the upper trunk, and the middle trunk were the segments that were best visualized on ultrasound. On MRI, the degree of visualization was excellent for most of the segments. In the comparison between ultrasound and MRI, the C6, C7, upper trunk, and middle trunk segments showed equivalent degrees of visualization, with a high level of agreement between the two methods. CONCLUSION: In the brachial plexus, ultrasound can be used in the assessment of the cervical nerve roots, as well as of the upper and middle trunks, although it provides limited visualization of the remaining segments. Ultrasound and MRI showed a high level of agreement for the visualization of the C6, C7, and middle trunk segments.

Value of ultrasound in the anatomical evaluation of the brachial plexus: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging / Valor da ultrassonografia na avaliação anatômica do plexo braquial por meio da correlação com estudo por ressonância magnética

Abstract Objective: To assess the accuracy of ultrasound in the visualization of the brachial plexus and to determine the value of the method in comparison with that of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: This was an anatomical study of the brachial plexuses of 20 asymptomatic adults (40 plexuses), comparing ultrasound and MRI in terms of their accuracy. In the ultrasound study, a high-frequency linear transducer was used, and a neurovascular coil was used in the MRI study. To estimate the frequency of visualization, the brachial plexus was divided into segments. Results: The cervical nerve roots, the upper trunk, and the middle trunk were the segments that were best visualized on ultrasound. On MRI, the degree of visualization was excellent for most of the segments. In the comparison between ultrasound and MRI, the C6, C7, upper trunk, and middle trunk segments showed equivalent degrees of visualization, with a high level of agreement between the two methods. Conclusion: In the brachial plexus, ultrasound can be used in the assessment of the cervical nerve roots, as well as of the upper and middle trunks, although it provides limited visualization of the remaining segments. Ultrasound and MRI showed a high level of agreement for the visualization of the C6, C7, and middle trunk segments.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do exame de ultrassonografia (US) na visualização do plexo braquial e avaliar o método comparativamente à ressonância magnética (RM). Materiais e Métodos: Estudo da anatomia do plexo braquial pela US e RM (40 plexos braquiais) em 20 adultos assintomáticos. No estudo por US foi utilizado transdutor linear de alta frequência e na RM de alto campo magnético foi utilizada bobina neurovascular. O plexo braquial foi dividido em segmentos para estimar a frequência da visualização entre a US e a RM. Resultados: As raízes cervicais e os troncos superior e médio foram as estruturas que apresentaram maior grau de visualização pela US. Na RM, a maioria dos segmentos do plexo apresentou excelente grau de visualização. Na análise da equivalência entre a US e a RM, as raízes de C5, C6, tronco superior e médio apresentaram graus de visualização equivalentes, com alta concordância. Conclusão: O método de US consegue avaliar de forma eficaz o segmento proximal do plexo braquial que compreende as saídas das raízes cervicais de C5, C6 e C7, assim como os troncos superior e médio na região lateral do pescoço. O exame de US mostrou ter alta concordância com a RM nos ramos ventrais cervicais de C6, C7 e o tronco médio bilateral.

Persistence of intrasellar trigeminal artery and simultaneous pituitary adenoma: description of two cases and their importance for the differential diagnosis of sellar lesions.

Persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is the most frequent embryonic communication between the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. However, hormonal changes or the association of PTA with other sellar lesions, such as pituitary adenomas, are extremely rare. The aim of the present study was to report two patients with intrasellar PTA and simultaneous pituitary adenoma in order to emphasize the importance of differential diagnoses for sellar lesions. Case 1. A female patient, 41 years old, was admitted with a history of chronic headache (> 20 years). Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a rounded lesion in the left portion of the pituitary gland suggestive of adenoma (most likely clinically non-functioning adenoma). In addition to this lesion, the MRI demonstrated ecstasy of the right internal carotid artery and imaging suggestive of an intrasellar artery that was subsequently confirmed by an angio-MRI of the cerebral vessels as PTA. Case 2. A female patient, 42 years old, was admitted with a history of amenorrhea and galactorrhea in 1994. Laboratorial investigation revealed hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary MRI showed a small hyposignal area in the anterior portion of pituitary gland suggestive of a microadenoma initiated by a dopaminergic agonist. Upon follow-up, aside from the first lesion, the MRI showed a well delineated rounded lesion inside the pituitary gland, similar to a vessel. Angio-MRI confirmed a left primitive PTA. Failure to recognize these anomalous vessels within the sella might lead to serious complications during transsphenoidal surgery. Therefore, although their occurrence is uncommon, a working knowledge of vascular lesions in the sella turcica or pituitary gland is important for the differential diagnosis of pituitary lesions, especially pituitary adenomas.

Persistence of intrasellar trigeminal artery and simultaneous pituitary adenoma: description of two cases and their importance for the differential diagnosis of sellar lesions / Persistência da artéria trigeminal intrasselar e simultâneo adenoma de hipófise: descrição de dois casos e importância para o diagnóstico diferencial das lesões selares

Persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is the most frequent embryonic communication between the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. However, hormonal changes or the association of PTA with other sellar lesions, such as pituitary adenomas, are extremely rare. The aim of the present study was to report two patients with intrasellar PTA and simultaneous pituitary adenoma in order to emphasize the importance of differential diagnoses for sellar lesions. Case 1. A female patient, 41 years old, was admitted with a history of chronic headache (> 20 years). Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a rounded lesion in the left portion of the pituitary gland suggestive of adenoma (most likely clinically non-functioning adenoma). In addition to this lesion, the MRI demonstrated ecstasy of the right internal carotid artery and imaging suggestive of an intrasellar artery that was subsequently confirmed by an angio-MRI of the cerebral vessels as PTA. Case 2. A female patient, 42 years old, was admitted with a history of amenorrhea and galactorrhea in 1994. Laboratorial investigation revealed hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary MRI showed a small hyposignal area in the anterior portion of pituitary gland suggestive of a microadenoma initiated by a dopaminergic agonist. Upon follow-up, aside from the first lesion, the MRI showed a well delineated rounded lesion inside the pituitary gland, similar to a vessel. Angio-MRI confirmed a left primitive PTA. Failure to recognize these anomalous vessels within the sella might lead to serious complications during transsphenoidal surgery. Therefore, although their occurrence is uncommon, a working knowledge of vascular lesions in the sella turcica or pituitary gland is important for the differential diagnosis of pituitary lesions, especially pituitary adenomas.

Persistência da artéria trigeminal (PAT) é a comunicação embrionária mais frequente entre os sistemas carotídeo e vertebrobasilar. No entanto, alterações hormonais ou associação de PAT com outras lesões selares, como adenomas hipofisários, são extremamente raros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar dois pacientes com PAT intrasselar e concomitante adenoma hipofisário e enfatizar a importância para o diagnóstico diferencial de lesões selares. Caso 1. Paciente do sexo feminino, 41 anos, admitida com história de cefaleia crônica (> 20 anos). Ressonância magnética (RM) de hipófise mostrou imagem arredondada na porção esquerda da glândula sugestiva de adenoma (provavelmente adenoma clinicamente não funcionante). Adicionalmente, a RM demonstrou ectasia da artéria carótida interna direita e imagem sugestiva de artéria intrasselar, posteriormente confirmada por angio-RM dos vasos cerebrais como PAT. Caso 2. Paciente do sexo feminino, 42 anos, admitida com história de amenorreia e galactorreia em 1994. A investigação laboratorial revelou hiperprolactinemia. RM de hipófise mostrou pequena área de hipossinal na porção anterior da glândula sugestiva de microadenoma, sendo iniciado agonista dopaminérgico. Na evolução, além da primeira lesão, a RM mostrou uma imagem arredondada bem delimitada dentro da glândula pituitária semelhante a vaso sanguíneo. Angio-RM confirmou PAT primitiva esquerda. A falta de reconhecimento de tais vasos anômalos dentro da sela túrcica pode levar a sérias complicações durante a cirurgia transesfenoidal. Portanto, apesar de sua ocorrência não ser comum, o conhecimento de lesões vasculares dentro da sela túrcica ou glândula hipofisária é importante para o diagnóstico diferencial de lesões da hipófise, especialmente com adenomas hipofisários.

Contribuição da ultrassonografia para o diagnóstico das alterações histopatológicas presentes na hepatite C crônica, com ênfase na esteatose hepática: Parte I / Contribution of ultrasonography to the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C histopathological changes, with emphasis on hepatic steatosis: Part I

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a contribuição da ultrassonografia no estudo das alterações histopatológicas encontradas na hepatite crônica pelo vírus C, com ênfase para a esteatose hepática. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram comparados os resultados dos exames ultrassonográficos do fígado de 192 pacientes portadores de hepatite crônica pelo vírus C, com os achados histopatológicos dos fragmentos obtidos por biópsia hepática. Todos os exames ultrassonográficos obedeceram a um mesmo protocolo, sendo analisados os seguintes critérios: ecogenicidade, ecotextura e atenuação. Os pacientes foram agrupados considerando-se os com alterações ultrassonográficas e os sem alterações ultrassonográficas, sendo comparados com as alterações histopatológicas presentes. RESULTADOS: Entre as alterações histopatológicas presentes, apenas os graus 0 e 3 de alteração arquitetural e a esteatose hepática apresentaram diferença estatística significante entre os dois grupos. Dentre os critérios ultrassonográficos avaliados, a atenuação foi o que apresentou melhor correlação com a esteatose hepática. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do trabalho demonstraram que, em pacientes com hepatite crônica pelo vírus C, a ultrassonografia apresentou limitações à caracterização das alterações histopatológicas, apresentando concordância regular com o diagnóstico de esteatose hepática. Destaca-se a capacidade do método em mostrar a probabilidade de inexistência de esteatose hepática, tendo em vista a especificidade de 77,9 por cento e o valor preditivo negativo de 95,5 por cento.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of ultrasonography in the assessment of histopathological changes in patients with chronic hepatitis C, with emphasis on hepatic steatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Liver ultrasonography results were compared with histopathological findings of liver biopsy of 192 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. All the US examinations followed a single protocol, analyzing the following aspects: echogenicity, echotexture and attenuation. The patients sample was divided into two groups as follows: patients with sonographic changes and patients with no sonographic changes. Sonographic findings of both groups were compared with histopathological findings after liver biopsy. RESULTS: Statistically significant intergroup differences were observed just regarding architectural changes grades 0 and 3 and hepatic steatosis. Attenuation was the sonographic criterion that was best correlated with hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrate that, in patients with chronic hepatitis C, ultrasonography has limitations in the characterization of histopathological changes, with an intermediate rate of agreement with the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis. Considering the specificity of 77.9 percent and the negative predictive value of 95.5 percent, the authors highlight the capacity of the method to demonstrate the probability of absence of hepatic steatosis.

Análise por meio de ressonância magnética em pacientes sintomáticos da presença de derrame articular na articulação temporomandibular em função do posicionamento do disco articular / Analysis by magnetic resonance imaging in symptomatic patients of the presence of joint effusion in temporomandibular joint related to articular disc position

A articulação temporomandibular (ATM) é considerada a articulação mais complexa do corpo humano. Assim como outras do sistema músculo-esquelético, ela pode ser acometida pelas mesmas doenças e desordens, como por exemplo, deslocamento de disco (DD), doenças articulares degenerativas (osteoartrite - OA), artrites inflamatórias e sinovites. Baseado nos laudos obtidos por meio das análises das imagens em norma sagital das ATMs de pacientes sintomáticos encaminhados para a realização de exame por ressonância magnética (RM) foi avaliada a presença de derrame articular (DA) decorrente do posicionamento do disco articular. A amostra foi constituída por 148 ATMs de 74 pacientes sintomáticos. Os resultados dos testes estatísticos revelaram que a presença de DA está associada ao posicionamento do disco articular.

Avaliação funcional das pregas vocais por meio da estimulação do nervo laríngeo inferior durante tireoidectomias e pela ultra-sonografia com Doppler colorido no pré e pós-operatório / Functional evaluation of vocal folds through stimulation of inferior laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomies and by color Doppler ultrasonography within pre and postoperative

Introdução: Pacientes de procedimentos cirúrgicos sobre a glândula tireóide apresentam paralisia ou paresia de prega vocal em conseqüência da injúria do nervo laríngeo inferior com frequência de 0% a 15%. A metodologia empregada para estudar a paralisia da prega vocal praticamente se restringe à laringoscopia, com a qual se obtêm imagens diretas da glote. Outro método utilizado para esse fim, mas pouco referido na literatura é a ultra-sonografia feita para estudar a mobilidade das pregas vocais e ainda na prevenção da lesão do nervo laríngeo inferior, como reforço da técnica cirúrgica padronizada para identificar o nervo, pode-se usar a neuroestimulação com a observação, de maneira direta ou indireta, da movimentação das pregas vocais. Objetivo: Estudo funcional das pregas vocais por meio da ultra-sonografia com Doppler colorido no pré e pós-operatório das tireoidectomias, comparando-se seus resultados com os da vídeo-laringoscopia, enquanto que no período intra-operatório, utilizou-se a neuroestimulação associada a laringoscopia. Métodos: O estudo, feito de modo prospectivo em 45 pacientes com indicação de tireoidectomia no Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital Beneficente São Caetano, no período de junho de 1995 a dezembro de 1996. A avaliação pré e pós-operatória das pregas vocais foi realizada com a nasofibrolaringoscopia e de maneira independente a ultra-sonografia com Doppler colorido; no intra-operatório, a avaliação das pregas vocais foi feita pela associação da neuroestimulação com videolaringoscopia. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o modelo linear multinomial de Agresti. Resultados: O estudo demonstrou concordância entre os achados da ultra-sonografia e da vídeo-laringoscopia em torno de 95% e entre neuroestimulação e vídeo-laringoscopia em 87% e a discordância como hipótese nula não apresentou significância estatística. Conclusão: A análise dos dois métodos demonstra: a) a excelente capacidade de estudo da motilidade das pregas vocais pela ultra-sonografia com Doppler colorido; e b) boa validade da neuroestimulação para identificar o nervo laríngeo inferior com a vídeo-laringoscopia e avaliar a sua funcionalidade, tendo ainda a vantagem de ser um método acessível e seguro.

Introduction: Patients submitted to thyroidectomies present vocal fold paralysis or paresis as a consequence of inferior laryngeal nerve injury in 0-15% of the cases. The studies of vocal fold paralysis are almost restricted to laryngoscopy. Another method to study vocal fold motility, not so referred to in the literature, is the ultrasonography. Objectives: Functional study of vocal folds through color Doppler ultrasonography before, during and after thyroidectomies by comparing its results to the ones of videolaryngoscopy, whereas in the intraoperative period, neurostimulation was used associated with laryngoscopy. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in 45 patients with indication of thyroidectomy at the Service of Head and Neck surgery at Hospital Beneficente São Caetano, from June, 1995 to December, 1996. Pre and postoperative evaluation of the vocal folds was done with nasofibrolaryngoscopy, and, independently, color Doppler ultrasonography. The vocal fold evaluation was carried out in the intraoperative with the association of neurostimulation and videolaryngoscopy. Linear multinomial model by Agresti was applied for the statistical analysis. Results: The study showed 95% concordance between the findings of ultrasonography and videolaryngoscopy and 87% between neurostimulation and videolaryngoscopy and discordance as null hypothesis was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The analysis of both methods shows: a) the neurostimulation associated with the videolaryngoscopy during the thyroidectomies is useful and safe to identify and verify the integrity of the inferior laryngeal nerve; and b) color Doppler ultrasonography has excellent capacity to evaluate the motility of vocal folds.

Avaliação do vínculo entre a topografia dos discos articulares e a presença de ruído e cefaleia generalizada em articulações têmporo-mandibulares por meio de imagens de ressonância magnética / Evaluation of the link between the topography of joint disks and the presence of noise and general headache in temporomandibular articulations through magnetic resonance images

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre o posicionamento dos discos articulares e o levantamento dos dados clínicos relativos à queixa de cefaleia generalizada e à presença de ruído ou "click" em um grupo de 74 pacientes, sendo 51 do gênero feminino e 23 do gênero masculino, com idade entre 19 e 78 anos de idade, portadores de manifestações compatíveis a processos de degeneração interna das articulações têmporo-mandibulares e correspondentes imagens em ressonância magnética. As imagens foram adquiridas com a utilização de aparelho com potência de campo magnético de 1.5 Tesla e bobina de superfície dupla para captação de sinais, segundo protocolo indicado para aquisição multiplanar; com ênfase na série definida como intensidade de prótons, posteriormente manipuladas em uma estação de imagem independente (workstation) de alta resolusão utilizando-se ferramentas eletrônicas em quatro situações de amplitude de abertura bucal (repouso, 10 mm; 20 mm; 30 mm) para ambos os lados. As análises foram realizadas por dois observadores em tempos distintos e transferidas para tabelas de identificação para elaboração das análises estatísticas. Procurou-se destacar a importância desse método de imagem como base para diagnóstico de distúrbios dessas articulações, pois em muitas situações as informações clínicas obtidas durante a anamnese não estavam de acordo com os dados imaginológicos. Os dados obtidos foram dispostos em tabelas e gráficos os quais permitiram concluir que não houve vínculo entre o fenômeno de cefaléia e a topografia dos discos. No que se refere à presença de ruído, a associação foi positiva.

Ultrasound evaluation of diaphragmatic mobility in different postures in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To assess, using ultrasound, the effects that changes in body position have on diaphragmatic mobility in healthy subjects during spontaneous breathing. METHODS: The study involved seven healthy female volunteers, all of whom were nonsmokers, well nourished, and free of any cardiopulmonary disease. They were submitted to pulmonary function testing and ultrasound evaluation of the mobility of the right diaphragm by the craniocaudal displacement of the left branch of the portal vein using an ultrasound device in mode B. The mobility of the right diaphragm was evaluated in right decubitus and in left decubitus. The order of evaluation was previously determined in a random drawing. RESULTS: The average mobility of the right diaphragm in right decubitus (51.30 +/- 9.69 mm) was significantly higher (p = 0.03) than that observed in left decubitus (45.93 +/- 10.37 mm). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, during spontaneous ventilation, the dependent portion of the diaphragm presents greater mobility than does the nondependent portion, and that the technique used was sufficiently sensitive to detect variations in diaphragmatic mobility related to changes in posture.

Avaliação ultra-sonográfica da mobilidade do diafragma em diferentes posturas em sujeitos saudáveis / Ultrasound evaluation of diaphragmatic mobility in different postures in healthy subjects

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, por meio de ultra-sonografia, o efeito da mudança de posicionamento corporal na mobilidade diafragmática de sujeitos saudáveis durante a respiração espontânea. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas sete mulheres voluntárias, saudáveis, sem histórico clínico de doenças cárdio-respiratórias, não tabagistas e eutróficas. Os sujeitos foram submetidos à prova de função pulmonar e à avaliação ultra-sonográfica da mobilidade do diafragma direito através do deslocamento crânio-caudal do ramo esquerdo da veia porta, utilizando-se um aparelho de ultra-sonografia no modo B. A mobilidade do diafragma direito foi avaliada em decúbito lateral direito e em decúbito lateral esquerdo, e a ordem de avaliação das posturas foi definida aleatoriamente por meio de um sorteio prévio. RESULTADOS: A média da excursão do diafragma direito em decúbito lateral direito (51,30 ± 9,69 mm) foi significativamente maior (p = 0,03) que em decúbito lateral esquerdo (45,93 ± 10,37 mm). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que, durante a ventilação espontânea, a mobilidade da porção dependente do diafragma é maior do que a da não dependente e que a técnica empregada foi sensível para detectar variações da mobilidade do diafragma com as mudanças de posicionamento.

OBJECTIVE: To assess, using ultrasound, the effects that changes in body position have on diaphragmatic mobility in healthy subjects during spontaneous breathing. METHODS: The study involved seven healthy female volunteers, all of whom were nonsmokers, well nourished, and free of any cardiopulmonary disease. They were submitted to pulmonary function testing and ultrasound evaluation of the mobility of the right diaphragm by the craniocaudal displacement of the left branch of the portal vein using an ultrasound device in mode B. The mobility of the right diaphragm was evaluated in right decubitus and in left decubitus. The order of evaluation was previously determined in a random drawing. RESULTS: The average mobility of the right diaphragm in right decubitus (51.30 ± 9.69 mm) was significantly higher (p = 0.03) than that observed in left decubitus (45.93 ± 10.37 mm). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, during spontaneous ventilation, the dependent portion of the diaphragm presents greater mobility than does the nondependent portion, and that the technique used was sufficiently sensitive to detect variations in diaphragmatic mobility related to changes in posture.

Does partial surgical tumour removal influence the response to octreotide-LAR in acromegalic patients previously resistant to the somatostatin analogue?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intrapatient response to the same dose of slow-release octreotide (OCT-LAR) before and after noncurative surgery in acromegalic patients who did not attain disease control after primary treatment with OCT-LAR. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. PATIENTS: Eleven acromegalic patients (eight men, aged 42.45 +/- 11.15 years, 10 macroadenomas) received OCT-LAR (20 mg, n = 1; 30 mg, n = 10) every 28 days as the primary treatment (1stOCT-LAR) for 11.3 +/- 4.2 months, without IGF-I normalization. They were subsequently submitted to surgery without cure and were then treated with the same dose of OCT-LAR for 8.0 +/- 6.5 months (2ndOCT-LAR). MEASUREMENTS: GH and IGF-I serum concentrations were obtained under basal conditions as well as during treatment. Pituitary tumour volume was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sella. IGF-I was also expressed as a percentage of the upper limit of the normal age- and sex-matched range (%ULNR IGF-I). RESULTS: After 1stOCT-LAR, there was a decrease in GH levels (P = 0.003) and %ULNR IGF-I (P = 0.009) compared to baseline (B), but no IGF-I normalization. Tumour shrinkage was observed in eight of 10 patients with macroadenomas (median 63.7%, range 24.5-75.5%). After surgery, mean levels of GH and %ULNR IGF-I were lower than those at baseline (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.003, respectively), but not when compared to values during 1stOCT-LAR (P = 1.000 and P = 0.957, respectively). MRI confirmed surgical tumour removal (median 64%, range 4.9-96.6%) in eight of the 10 patients. Comparing the 2ndOCT-LAR results with postsurgical results, there were no significant decrease in %ULNR IGF-I (P = 0.061) and GH levels (P = 0.414). Nine patients (82%) achieved IGF-I normalization. The degree of surgical tumour reduction did not correlate with IGF-I normalization (P = 0.794). When comparing the results between 1stOCT-LAR and 2ndOCT-LAR, there was a decrease, albeit not statistically significant, in serum GH levels (P = 0.059) and a significant decrease in %ULNR IGF-I (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Using strict criteria (same patient, same drug, same dose) our results strongly suggest that the surgical reduction of tumour mass can improve the outcome of OCT-LAR treatment in acromegalic patients resistant to primary therapy with SA.

Clinical, anthropometric and upper airway anatomic characteristics of obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Obese subjects are at increased risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). However, the individual role of local (i.e., upper airway-related) and general (clinical and whole-body anthropometric) characteristics in determining OSAS in obese patients is still controversial. OBJECTIVES: To contrast the clinical, anthropometric and upper airway anatomical features of obese subjects presenting or not presenting with OSAS. METHODS: Thirty-seven obese (BMI > or =30 kg/m(2)) males with OSAS and 14 age- and gender-matched obese controls underwent clinical and anthropometric (BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and neck circumference) evaluation. In a subgroup of subjects (18 and 11 subjects, respectively), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during wakefulness was used to study the upper airway anatomy. RESULTS: OSAS patients showed significantly higher BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and neck circumference as compared to controls (p < 0.05). They also referred to nonrepairing sleep, impaired attention, and previous car accidents more frequently (p < 0.05). The transversal diameter of the airways (TDAW) at the retroglossal level by MRI was found to be an independent predictor of the presence and severity of OSAS (p < 0.05). Parapharyngeal fat increase, however, was not related to OSAS. A TDAW >12 mm was especially useful to rule out severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index >30, negative predictive value = 88.9%, likelihood ratio for a negative test result = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: MRI of the upper airway can be used in association with clinical and anthropometric data to identify obese males at increased risk of OSAS.

Left hemidiaphragmatic mobility: assessment with ultrasonographic measurement of the craniocaudal displacement of the splenic hilum and the inferior pole of the spleen.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the radiographic and ultrasonographic measurements of craniocaudal displacement of the left hemidiaphragm. METHODS: Forty-nine patients with clinical indications for interventional procedures prospectively underwent radiographic evaluation of left hemidiaphragmatic mobility and B-mode ultrasonographic measurement of craniocaudal displacement of the hilum and the inferior pole of the spleen. Ultrasonography was performed with a 3.5-MHz convex transducer in a left intercostal position under a longitudinal orientation. Statistical analyses were performed with linear regression, a paired Student t test, and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS: The correlation between the craniocaudal splenic hilum displacement and radiographic measurements was found to be linear: hemidiaphragmatic mobility = 17.795 + 0.429 x splenic hilum displacement (SE for the regression coefficient = 0 .12; P = .0012), although the values obtained with both methods were statistically different (P < .05). The same results could be observed with the use of the inferior pole of the spleen: hemidiaphragmatic mobility = 9.5596 + 0.5455 x inferior polo displacement (SE for the regression coefficient = 0 .11; P < .0001). The mean difference between the values obtained by ultrasonography and by radiography was statistically significant (16.7 +/- 16.1 mm; P < .05 [hilum]; 18.9 +/- 14.2 mm; P < .05 [inferior pole]). CONCLUSIONS: These results allow us to conclude that ultrasonography can be used as an alternative method for left hemidiaphragm mobility evaluation compared with radiography.

Right hemidiaphragmatic mobility: assessment with US measurement of craniocaudal displacement of left branches of portal vein.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation and agreement between ultrasonographic (US) measurement of craniocaudal displacement of the left intrahepatic branches of the portal vein and radiographic measurement of right hemidiaphragmatic mobility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one patients with indications for abdominal angiography or percutaneous cholangiography prospectively underwent radiographic evaluation of right hemidiaphragmatic mobility and B-mode US measurement of craniocaudal displacement of the left intrahepatic branches of the portal vein. US was performed by using a 3.5-MHz convex transducer in a right subcostal position with a longitudinal orientation. Statistical analyses were performed by using linear regression, paired Student t test, and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS: The correlation between the US and radiographic measurements was found to be linear: hemidiaphragmatic mobility = (-1.562 + 1.032) x portal vein branch displacement (r = 0.651, P <.001). The mean craniocaudal displacement of the intrahepatic branches of the portal vein measured at US was 35.2 mm +/- 10.7 (SD). The mean right hemidiaphragmatic mobility measured at radiography was 34.8 mm +/- 17.0. The mean difference between the two measurements was not statistically significant (0.4 mm +/- 12.9, P =.807). CONCLUSION: US measurement of craniocaudal displacement of the left intrahepatic branches of the portal vein can be used for indirect assessment of right hemidiaphragmatic mobility.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid gland: puzzling points regarding palpable and nonpalpable nodules

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a useful method for the investigation, in out patients, of both palpable and nonpalpable thyroid nodules. A total of 299 FNAC thyroid punctures performed in 147 palpable and 152 nonpalpable lesions (ultrasound-guided) between 1996 and 1998 were compared. FNAC of palpable lesions was performed at the Outpatient Clinic of São Paulo Hospital, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP and nonpalpable cases were submitted to ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration at São Caetano Beneficiente Hospital. Both series were examined during the same period from April 1997 to May 1998. Guided puncture (nonpalpable nodules) showed the following results: 50 percent goiter and nodular goiter; 17.10 percent cellular follicular lesions; 15.10 percent lymphocytic thyroiditis; 2.63 percent papillary carcinoma; 1.97 percent follicular and Hürthle cell neoplásias; and 13,15 percent unsatisfactory samples. Palpable nodules showed the following results: 54.42 percent nodular goiter; 17 percent follicular cell lesions; 10.2 percent lymphocytic thyroiditis; 4.76 percent papillary carcinoma; 4.08 percent Hürthle and follicular neoplasia, 0.68 percent anaplastic carcinoma, and 8.84 percent unsatisfactory samples. Similar frequencies of the specific cytopathological diagnosis were observed for the two series of palpable and nonpalpabie lesions. The frequencies of malignant conditions were similar for the two series and to the frequencies reported in epidemiological studies.