Evaluation of Yahe® and Panda® 2.0 long-lasting insecticidal nets against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Côte d'Ivoire: an experimental hut trial.

BACKGROUND: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have played an important role in reducing the global malaria burden since 2000. They are a core prevention tool used widely by people at risk of malaria. The Vector Control Prequalification mechanism of the Word Health Organization (WHO-Vector Control PQ) established the testing and evaluation guidelines for LLINs before registration for public use. In the present study, two new brands of deltamethrin-impregnated nets (Yahe® LN and Panda® Net 2.0) were evaluated in an experimental hut against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. in M'Bé nearby Bouaké, central Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS: The performance of Yahe® LN and Panda® Net 2.0 was compared with that of PermaNet 2.0, conventionally treated nets (CTN), and untreated net to assess the blood-feeding inhibition, deterrence, induced exophily, and mortality. RESULTS: Cone bioassay results showed that Panda® Net 2.0, PermaNet 2.0 and Yahe® LN (both unwashed and washed 20 times) induced > 95% knockdown or > 80% mortality of the susceptible Anopheles gambiae Kisumu strain. With the pyrethroid-resistant M'Bé strain, mortality rate for all treated nets did not exceed 70%. There was a significant reduction in entry and blood feeding (p < 0.05) and an increase in exophily and mortality rates (p < 0.05) with all treatments compared to untreated nets, except the CTNs. However, the personal protection induced by these treated nets decreased significantly after 20 washes. The performance of Panda® Net 2.0 was equal to PermaNet® 2.0 in terms of inhibiting blood feeding, but better than PermaNet® 2.0 in terms of mortality. CONCLUSION: This study showed that Yahe® LN and Panda® Net 2.0 met the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) criteria to undergo phase III trial at the community level. Due to an increasing spread and development of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors, control of malaria transmission must evolve into an integrated vector management relying on a large variety of efficient control tools.

[Management of breast cancer in Abidjan: A single center experience]. / Expérience africaine monocentrique de la prise en charge personnalisée des cancers du sein à Abidjan : défis et perspectives.

AIM: To present the results of the personalized care of Ivorian women suffering from breast cancer since the advent of immunohistochemistry in Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS: We carried out a single-center retrospective study at the Yopougon university hospital from January 2014 to December 2018. All women's breast cancer with complementary immunohistochemistry and treated at the Yopougon hospital center were selected. Standard descriptive statistical tests were used to describe patient and tumor characteristics, and univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed with a statistical significance set at a P-value of 0.05 using SPSS version 20.0. RESULTS: The mean age of women is 48.27 years, SD (11.92). 50.88 % of the tumors were hormone-dependent. The triple negative subgroup was the most represented (43.28 %) followed by luminal A (35.42 %). Conservative treatment represented 18.51 % of cases. In the univariate analysis, the risk of developing a hormone-dependent cancer is statistically significant respectively in women with an education level removed OR=1.98 (P˂0.015) and with a wealthy salary OR=1.85 (P˂0.009). On the other hand, the high level of education (OR=0.44; P˂0.005), and the well-off salary condition (OR=0.59; P˂0.024) would be protective factors for the development of triple negative breast cancer. All these factors are not significant in multivariate analysis, whether for hormone-dependent or triple negative tumors. CONCLUSION: The personalized care of breast cancer in our African context remains difficult and must take into account several medical and extra-medical parameters.

Quantifying and characterizing hourly human exposure to malaria vectors bites to address residual malaria transmission during dry and rainy seasons in rural Southwest Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: To sustain the efficacy of malaria vector control, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the combination of effective tools. Before designing and implementing additional strategies in any setting, it is critical to monitor or predict when and where transmission occurs. However, to date, very few studies have quantified the behavioural interactions between humans and Anopheles vectors in Africa. Here, we characterized residual transmission in a rural area of Burkina Faso where long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) are widely used. METHODS: We analysed data on both human and malaria vectors behaviours from 27 villages to measure hourly human exposure to vector bites in dry and rainy seasons using a mathematical model. We estimated the protective efficacy of LLINs and characterised where (indoors vs. outdoors) and when both LLIN users and non-users were exposed to vector bites. RESULTS: The percentage of the population who declared sleeping under a LLIN the previous night was very high regardless of the season, with an average LLIN use ranging from 92.43 to 99.89%. The use of LLIN provided > 80% protection against exposure to vector bites. The proportion of exposure for LLIN users was 29-57% after 05:00 and 0.05-12% before 20:00. More than 80% of exposure occurred indoors for LLIN users and the estimate reached 90% for children under 5 years old in the dry cold season. CONCLUSIONS: LLINs are predicted to provide considerable protection against exposure to malaria vector bites in the rural area of Diébougou. Nevertheless, LLIN users are still exposed to vector bites which occurred mostly indoors in late morning. Therefore, complementary strategies targeting indoor biting vectors in combination with LLIN are expected to be the most efficient to control residual malaria transmission in this area.

[Recurrences of precancerous lesions after conservative treatment: Operational results after a decade in Abidjan]. / Récidives des lésions précancéreuses après traitement conservateur : résultats opérationnels après une décennie à Abidjan.

OBJECTIVES: There remains a significant risk of recurrence of intraepithelial neoplasia regardless of the type of conservative treatment. The aim's work is to assess this rate. METHODS: All women's consenting who had received conservative treatment at the sites identified since for more than 12 months were included in this multicenter cross-sectional study. The outcome measure was a recurrence of precancerous lesions of the cervix during visual inspection with acetic acid performed by a single practitioner to limit interobserver variability. Data collection and analysis were done on the Stata 13 software. We performed an univariate then multivariate analysis with logistic regression. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-nine participated in this study with an average age of 37.44 (σ=7.31 years). A total of 52.33% were HIV positive. Moreover, 63.44% were treated by cryotherapy versus 36.66% by loop electrosurgical excision procedure. The overall prevalence of recurrences was 8.96%. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression concluded that the risk of recurrence was 5.72 times (OR=1.69-19.29; P=0.005) higher with cryotherapy and 2.85 times higher (OR=1.04-7.82; P=0.042) in women with HIV. CONCLUSION: The risk of recurrence is proportionally high with cryotherapy and HIV status. This suggests that an adaptation of the strict monitoring protocols to our African context due to the lack of cytocolposcopic logistical resources.

Characterization and in vitro evaluation of a vaginal gel containing Lactobacillus crispatus for the prevention of gonorrhea.

The increasing resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to any current antibiotic treatment and the difficulties associated with the use of prevention means such as condom urge the need for alternative methods to prevent this sexually transmitted infection. In this work, a prevention strategy based on the use of a vaginal gel containing Lactobacilli was assessed in vitro. A Lactobacillus crispatus strain (ATCC 33197) was selected based on the published data on its ability to inhibit Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Its probiotic properties were first characterized. Then, a thermo-sensitive hydrogel containing 21.5% of poloxamer 407, 1% of sodium alginate and 9log10 CFU of Lactobacillus crispatus per gel sample (5 g) was developed. The gelation temperature and the rheological characteristics of this formulation appeared suitable for a vaginal administration. Lactobacillus crispatus was viable in the gel for six months although a large amount of the bacteria was not culturable. The ability of Lactobacillus crispatus to inhibit Neisseria gonorrhoeae was still observed with the gel. Such system, thus, appeared promising for the prevention of gonorrhea.

[A case of diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) syndrome]. / Un cas clinique de syndrome d'hyperplasie neuroendocrine pulmonaire diffuse idiopathique (DIPNECH).

INTRODUCTION: DIPNECH is a strictly histological entity according to the WHO 2015 classification and is considered to be at pre-neoplastic risk. It has been proposed that DIPNECH syndrome should be used to describe patients have clinical symptoms, an obstructive ventilatory disorder and compatible radiological abnormalities. The diagnosis is histological and usually based on a surgical lung biopsy. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 58-year-old woman with a chronic cough for over 20years who had an obstructive airway pattern on spirometry. Diagnoses of asthma and COPD had been discussed. After 7years of follow-up, the DIPNECH hypothesis was evoked on the scanning aspect of mosaic attenuation, expiratory trapping and micronodules, which was subsequently confirmed by surgical pulmonary biopsy. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to consider the possibility of this rare disease in order to avoid inappropriate treatments and in the hope that future therapeutic advances (somatostatin analogs, mTOR inhibitors) improve patients' experience and the progression of respiratory function.

[Cost Analysis of the Immunization Program Supportive Supervision in Côte-d'Ivoire]. / Analyse des coûts de supervision formative du programme de vaccination en Côte-d'Ivoire.

One of the major obstacles to improve the performance of immunization programs is the lack of competent health personnel. To increase the availability of qualified health personnel, the Agence de Médecine Préventive (Agency of Preventive Medicine) has set up a technical assistance focused on supportive supervision. The objective of this study is to analyze the cost of this supportive supervision in 10 health districts of Côte-d'Ivoire. The data extracted from the financial and technical reports of the supportive supervisions included personnel costs (salary, per diem), transportation, communication, office supplies, vehicle maintenance and depreciation. The analysis consisted of estimating the total cost of the supportive supervision, the total cost per item and the average cost of a supervisory visit. The conduct of 40 supportive supervision visits amounted to 44,675.12 USD. Of this amount, recurring costs were 40,112.12 USD (89.79%) and non-recurring costs were 4,563 USD (10.21%). The unit cost per supervisory visit was 1,116.88 USD. The cost of personnel was the largest cost. The total cost of the formative supervision would be reduced by 58.68% through the resort to local facilities' staff for the supervision, and the review of the useful life of the vehicles. The costs for implementing supportive supervision were acceptable in comparison to the benefits. Mastering personnel costs, optimizing the scheduling of supervision tours and frequency of visits focused on districts with the lowest EPI indicators could lead to cost savings.

Un des obstacles à l'amélioration des performances des programmes de vaccination est l'insuffisance de ressources humaines compétentes. Pour accroître la disponibilité de personnel de santé qualifié, l'Agence de médecine préventive a mis en place une assistance technique centrée sur la supervision formative. L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser les coûts de cette supervision formative dans dix districts sanitaires de Côte-d'Ivoire à partir des données extraites des rapports techniques et financiers de supervision. L'analyse a consisté en l'estimation du coût total des supervisions, du coût total par poste et du coût moyen par visite de supervision. Les 40 visites de supervision réalisées ont coûté 44 675,12 USD dont 40 112,12 USD de coûts récurrents (89,78 %) et 4 563 USD de coûts non récurrents. Le coût par visite de supervision était de 1 116,87 USD. Le coût du personnel était le poste de coûts le plus important. Le coût total et le coût unitaire de la supervision seraient réduits de 58,68 % par l'utilisation des superviseurs locaux et des recommandations de l'OMS sur la durée de vie utile des véhicules. Les coûts de la supervision formative étaient acceptables au regard des bénéfices obtenus. La maîtrise des coûts du personnel, une programmation optimale des tournées de supervision et une fréquence des visites centrée davantage sur les districts présentant les plus faibles indicateurs du PEV pourraient favoriser des économies.

Description of strokes at the Bouaké University Hospital, Côte d'Ivoire.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of stroke is rising in developing countries. In Côte d'Ivoire, it accounts for nearly 45 % of admissions to the neurology departments in Abidjan. In Bouaké, no study has dealt with this subject since peace returned. Our aim was to assess the epidemiological characteristics of stroke patients at Bouaké University Hospital. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study took place from September 2013 to December 2015 and included all patients hospitalized for a stroke confirmed by brain imaging. RESULTS: The study included 164 cases: 60% ischemic strokes, and 40 % hemorrhagic. Patients' mean age was 62 years with a sex ratio of 0.66. Patients not in the labor force accounted for the largest portion (61.6 %). The interval between the stroke and admission to the neurology department ranged between 24 and 72 hours for 61 % of the patients. The main risk factor was hypertension (62.8 %). The average length of hospitalization was 8.44 days. Hospital mortality was 18.3 %. CONCLUSION: Stroke is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in the neurology department of Bouaké University Hospital.

[Prevention of bleeding during laparotomic myomectomy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Contribution to the tourniquet on the uterine isthmus]. / Prévention de l'hémorragie per myomectomie en Afrique subsaharienne : apport du garrot sur l'isthme utérin.

OBJECTIVES: To appreciate the decrease of bleeding by myomectomy by the use of a tourniquet on the uterine isthmus. METHODS: We conducted a case-control retrospective study from March 2014 to February 2016 in the Gynecology and obstetrics Department of the university hospital of Yopougon (Abidjan, Ivory Coast). It interested 100 patients of which 50 had a myomectomy with the tourniquet on the uterine isthmus and 50 without the tourniquet. None of the patients received pre-operative preventive treatment. The criteria for comparison were the blood loss per operative and the pre-and post-operative hemoglobin levels. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 33 years. Nulliparous women were the group most affected (68% of our patients) with 32% infertile women in the group with the tourniquet and 18% in the group without the tourniquet. Patients without tourniquet presented more bleeding than patients with tourniquet (X2=13.61) with a higher proportion of anemic patients in the group without the tourniquet. The differences were significant. The tourniquet has made it possible to realize the resection of a larger number of myoma. The duration of hospital stay was 4 days on average in both groups and no complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The application of a tourniquet on the uterine isthmus during laparotomic myomectomy has a benefit in reducing intraoperative blood loss.

Evaluating the impact of screening plus eave tubes on malaria transmission compared to current best practice in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two armed cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Access to long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has increased and malaria has decreased globally, but malaria transmission remains high in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and insecticide resistance threatens current progress. Eave tubes are a new tool for the targeted delivery of insecticides against mosquitoes attempting to enter houses. The primary objective of this trial is to test whether screening plus eave tubes (SET) provides protection against malaria, on top of universal coverage with LLINs in an area of intense pyrethroid resistance. The trial will also assess acceptability and cost-effectiveness of the intervention. METHODS/DESIGN: A two-armed, cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted to evaluate the effect of SET on clinical malaria incidence in children living in central Côte d'Ivoire. Forty villages will be selected based on population size and the proportion of houses suitable for modification with SET. Using restricted randomization, half the villages will be assigned to the treatment arm (SET + LLINs) and the remainder will be assigned to the control arm (LLINs only). In both arms, LLINs will be distributed and in the treatment arm, householders will be offered SET. Fifty children aged six months to eight years old will be enrolled from randomly selected households in each of the 40 villages. Cohorts will be cleared of malaria parasites at the start of the study and one year after recruitment, and will be monitored for clinical malaria case incidence by active case detection over two years. Mosquito densities will be assessed using CDC light traps and human landing catches and a subset of Anopheles mosquitoes will be examined for parity status and tested for sporozoite infection. Acceptability of SET will be monitored using surveys and focus groups. Cost-effectiveness analysis will measure the incremental cost per case averted and per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted of adding SET to LLINs. Economic and financial costs will be estimated from societal and provider perspective using standard economic evaluation methods. DISCUSSION: This study will be the first evaluation of the epidemiological impact of SET. Trial findings will show whether SET is a viable, cost-effective technology for malaria control in Côte d'Ivoire and possibly elsewhere. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN18145556 , registered on 01 February 2017 - retrospectively registered.

Empirical and theoretical investigation into the potential impacts of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets.

In spite of widespread insecticide resistance in vector mosquitoes throughout Africa, there is limited evidence that long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) are failing to protect against malaria. Here, we showed that LLIN contact in the course of host-seeking resulted in higher mortality of resistant Anopheles spp. mosquitoes than predicted from standard laboratory exposures with the same net. We also found that sublethal contact with an LLIN caused a reduction in blood feeding and subsequent host-seeking success in multiple lines of resistant mosquitoes from the laboratory and the field. Using a transmission model, we showed that when these LLIN-related lethal and sublethal effects were accrued over mosquito lifetimes, they greatly reduced the impact of resistance on malaria transmission potential under conditions of high net coverage. If coverage falls, the epidemiological impact is far more pronounced. Similarly, if the intensity of resistance intensifies, the loss of malaria control increases nonlinearly. Our findings help explain why insecticide resistance has not yet led to wide-scale failure of LLINs, but reinforce the call for alternative control tools and informed resistance management strategies.

Prévention de la maladie thrombo-embolique et veineuse. Connaissances et attitudes pratiques du personnel soignant des services de gynécologie-obstétrique des centres hospitaliers universitaires de Côte d'Ivoire

Introduction : L'étude épidémiologique transversale ENDORSE montrait une forte prévalence 52% des patients hospitalisés présentant un risque de MTEV dans le monde dont 64% de patients en chirurgie. Ce risque est encore plus élevé pendant la période obstétricale. Objectif : Evaluer les connaissances et attitudes pratiques sur la prévention de la maladie thrombo-embolique du personnel des services de gynécologie-obstétriques de Côte d'Ivoire. Méthodes : Etude multicentrique, mixte, transversale descriptive avec 198 questionnaires anonymes correctement remplis retenus soit 61,9% et un taux de non-réponses élevé de 19% dans les CHU de Côte d'Ivoire destinés au Personnel soignant des structures concernées ayant donné leur consentement libre et éclairé sur une période de 4 mois allant du 1er avril au 31 juillet 2016. La collecte et le traitement des données a été réalisée grâce aux logiciels Epidata et Epi Info 7.Résultats : L'âge moyen était de 39,3 ans avec des extrêmes de 27 et 60 ans et 58,6% du personnel avait moins de 5 années d'activités dans le service. Il s'agissait en majorité des sages-femmes (60,1%) suivi du personnel médical (39,9%). Soixante et onze virgule quatre pour cent (71,4%) jugeaient leur niveau de connaissances suffisant. Les facteurs de risques les plus cités par le personnel médical et paramédical étaient l'immobilisation prolongée (92,4% et 82,4%) suivie de la chirurgie pelvienne (89,9% et 64,7%) et de la contraception orale (86,1% et 51,3%). Trente-huit pour cent des médecins instauraient une héparinothérapie après un accouchement par voie basse contre 95% pour un accouchement par césarienne. Quatre-vingt-six virgule sept pour cent (86,7%) des médecins débutaient l'héparinothérapie préventive entre 12 et 24 heures du post-partum quel que soit le mode d'accouchement, pendant au moins 3 semaines pour 78% d'entre eux.Conclusion : Cette étude montre une connaissance et des attitudes pratiques approximatives d'où la nécessité d'une formation continue du personnel et l'éducation des patients afin d'assurer l'amélioration continue de la qualité des soins

Irrigation endodontique à l'hypochlorite de sodium : Types de solutions et modalités de préparations dans 102 cabinets dentaires de la ville d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)

Introduction : L'hypochlorite de sodium (NaOCl) représente à ce jour le "gold standard" pour l'irrigation endodontique. L'objectif de cette étude était d'identifier les solutions de NaOCl utilisées comme irrigant canalaire et les modes de préparations dans les cabinets dentaires. Matériels et méthodes : Une étude prospective a été réalisée dans 102 cabinets. Par la suite, les teneurs en chlore actif (c.a.) des solutions de NaOCl ont été évaluées par titrage iodométrique. Les analyses statistiques ont été effectuées par le logiciel SPSS version 22 sous Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Résultats : Les sources commerciales de solution de NaOCl étaient utilisées à 72,5% pour l'irrigation endodontique. Ces solutions étaient concentrées à 2,53% c.a. ou 3,80% c.a. selon l'emballage. Dans l'ensemble, les titrages iodométriques ont révélé des rétrogradations en c.a. des solutions mères. Les dilutions au 1/5ième étaient généralement réalisées, ce qui signifiait une concentration à 0,5% c.a. pour l'irrigation endodontique. Une solution de NaOCl stabilisée à 0,5% c.a. et disponible en officine était principalement utilisée dans les cabinets privés. Discussion : Les concentrations des solutions de NaOCl pour l'irrigation en endodontie se situe entre 0,5% et 6% d'après la littérature. Cependant un compromis semble être trouvé autour des valeurs situées entre 2,5% c.a. et 3% c.a. Dans ce cadre, les solutions de NaOCl issues du commerce dans cette étude peuvent être considérées comme prêtes à l'emploi. Il faut cependant tenir compte de leur instabilité qui suggère des préparations finales à teneur en c.a. inférieure à la minimale préconisée en endodontie (0,5% c.a.). Conclusion : cette étude montre l'intérêt de l'usage de solutions de NaOCl stabilisées et conçues spécifiquement pour l'irrigation endodontique. Ce sont elles qui sont considérées comme dispositif médical par les autorités sanitaires

Human meningitis due to Streptococcus suis in Lomé, Togo: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen which represents the leading cause of meningitis in Southeast Asia and an emerging pathogen in the Western world, the main risk factor for infection being contact with pigs. In Africa, the prevalence of S. suis infections in swine and humans is largely unrecognized, with only one recent report of a limited case series. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a human case of meningitis due to S. suis in a 32-year-old man living in Togo. The patient had no particular medical history and no risk factors for immunodeficiency but reported regular contact with pork products. Using specific immunological and molecular methods, we characterized the isolate as S. suis serotype 2, ST1, one the most prevalent and virulent clone worldwide. The outcome was favorable after one week of adapted antibiotic therapy but the patient was left with severe hearing disorders. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlights the emergence of this pathogen in Africa and reinforces the need for accurate epidemiological and surveillance studies of S. suis infections and for educating clinicians and exposed groups in non-endemic countries.

[Acquired caustic vagina stenosis: Surgical outcomes of 21 cases]. / Rétrécissements du vagin d'origine caustique. À propos de 21 plasties.

OBJECTIVE: To document epidemiology, causes, anatomical varieties and surgical management outcomes of caustic acquired vagina stenosis. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective study of 21 patients involved from 1996 to 2012 at the department of obstetrics and gynecology of Yopougon's teaching hospital in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Vaginal stenosis due to genital malformation, vaginal irradiation of pelvic tumours, repair of bladder and vaginal fistulae or intersexual disorders were excluded. RESULTS: The prevalence was 0.14/1000 admissions, mean age was 32.1 years, mean gravidity was 1.76 and mean parity was 1.1. Vaginal stenosis seat and extent were variable and 100 % had a caustic origin by use of traditional medicine vaginal pessaire. Of the patients, 95.2 % underwent surgical treatment followed by several dilations sessions with glass dilators. Successful surgical outcome allowing coitus was achieved in 47.6 % of cases with 52.4 % failure. CONCLUSION: Acquired caustic vagina stenosis are frequently occurring and are a public health problem related to ignorance. Health education and establishment of expert centers with exchange of experiences in West Africa should be able to improve surgical outcomes.

Does obesity influence labour market outcomes among working-age adults? Evidence from Canadian longitudinal data.

Although a negative association between obesity and labour market outcomes is commonly reported in many studies, the causal nature of this relationship remains unclear. Using nationally representative longitudinal data from the last six confidential master files (2000/2001-2010/2011) of the National Population Health Survey, we examine the association between obesity and employment participation and earnings among working-age adults in Canada. After controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle factors and time-invariant individual heterogeneity, our results show that obesity is not significantly associated with employment participation but is associated with reduced hourly wage rate and annual income among women by about 4% and 4.5%, respectively. The corresponding results for men show that obesity is associated with about 2% reduction in wage rate and income, but significant at 10% level. However, after controlling for the potential reverse causality bias using the lagged measure of obesity, the effect of obesity on wage rate and income became positive or statistically non-significant. Our findings suggest that obesity is not causally associated with negative labour market outcomes among working-age men in Canada. For working-age women, we find limited evidence of negative labour market outcomes.

[Evaluation of midwives' practices for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)]. / Évaluation de la pratique des sages-femmes sur la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du virus de l'hépatite B à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire).

UNLABELLED: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) assumes and requires good practices by midwives. The objective of this study was to evaluate their practices for this prevention. METHODOLOGY: This prospective, descriptive study in Abidjan took place from January 2 to May 31, 2014 and included the midwives in Abidjan (recruited from university hospitals, general hospitals, and peripheral health care facilities) at the time of the survey who agreed to complete this written survey. Univariate analyses were done with Pearson Chi 2 tests or Fisher's test, as appropriate, P<0.05 was defined as significant. RESULTS: The study included 197 of the 220 midwives approached (89.5%), 88 (44.6%) of whom worked in the university hospital delivery rooms. Overall, 59% performed HBsAg tests during the second trimester, and 47.72% vaccinated newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers at birth. Hospital-based midwives had the best prevention practices, including HBsAg testing (P = 0.023) and immunization of the newborn at birth (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Midwives' practices for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV in Abidjan are improving.

Connaissances et utilisation de la contraception d'urgence chez les adolescentes

Objectifs. Evaluer l'etendue des connaissances; les attitudes et la pratique de la contraception d'urgence chez les jeunes filles eleves en Cote d'Ivoire; ainsi que les facteurs influencant sa connaissance et sa perception. Methode. Il s'agissait d'une etude transversale descriptive realisee au Lycee Classique d'Abidjan; un etablissement d'enseignement general. Seules les filles de terminale ont ete selectionnees car; a la fois les plus exposees aux grossesses precoces et ayant une activite sexuelle averee. La collecte des donnees s'est deroulee sur un mois; en mars 2010. Resultats. Cinquatre-quatre pour cent (54%) ignoraient l'existence de la contraception d'urgence. Parmi celles qui en avaient entendu parler; 41;7% ne possedaient guere de connaissances precises sur la methode de contraception d'urgence. Les sources d'informations formelles etaient associees a une bonne connaissance de cette methode. Globalement; 78;1% avaient une attitude favorable. Cependant il existait une crainte chez certaines participantes de voir cette methode se substituer au preservatif. Son usage etait faible pour 5;5% des enquetes. Le premier obstaclea son utilisation semble etre du au manque d'information du public. Conclusion. Il existe un besoin urgent de sensibilisation des jeunes ivoiriennes a la contraception d'urgence; et surtout aux methodes disponibles; ainsi qu'au delai correct d'emploi. Ainsi; elles pourront y avoir recours beaucoup plus facilement