Attenuation of MCP-1/CCL2 expression ameliorates neuropathy in a mouse model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1X.

The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) has been previously shown to be an important mediator of macrophage-related neural damage in models of two distinct inherited neuropathies, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) 1A and 1B. In mice deficient in the gap junction protein connexin 32 (Cx32def), an established model for the X-chromosome-linked dominant form of CMT (CMT1X), we investigated the role of the chemokine in macrophage immigration and neural damage by crossbreeding the Cx32def mice with MCP-1 knockout mutants. In Cx32def mutants typically expressing increased levels of MCP-1, macrophage numbers were strongly elevated, caused by an MCP-1-mediated influx of haematogenous macrophages. Curiously, the complete genetic deletion of MCP-1 did not cause reduced macrophage numbers in the nerves due to compensatory proliferation of resident macrophages. In contrast, and as already seen in other CMT models, heterozygous deletion of MCP-1 led to reduced numbers of phagocytosing macrophages and an alleviation of demyelination. Whereas alleviated demyelination was transient, axonal damage was persistently improved and even robust axonal sprouting was detectable at 12 months. Other axon-related features were alleviated electrophysiological parameters, reduced muscle denervation and atrophy, and increased muscle strength. Similar to models for CMT1A and CMT1B, we identified MEK-ERK signalling as mediating MCP-1 expression in Cx32-deficient Schwann cells. Blocking this pathway by the inhibitor CI-1040 caused reduced MCP-1 expression, attenuation of macrophage increase and amelioration of myelin- and axon-related alterations. Thus, attenuation of MCP-1 upregulation by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation might be a promising approach to treat CMT1X and other so far untreatable inherited peripheral neuropathies in humans.

Lack of evidence for a pathogenic role of T-lymphocytes in an animal model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A.

We have previously shown that in two distinct models for inherited neuropathies of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type, T-lymphocytes are critically involved in demyelination. In the present study, we tested whether T-lymphocytes have a similar pathogenetic impact in another CMT model, i.e., in mice overexpressing the peripheral myelin protein (PMP)-22, representing the most prevalent form CMT1A. By cross breeding the myelin mutant mice with mutants lacking mature T- and B-lymphocytes (RAG-1-deficient mice), the pathological alterations were not changed in comparison to PMP22 mutants with a normal immune system. Reciprocal enhancement of lymphocyte activation, by inactivation of the lymphocytic co-inhibitor programmed death-1, also did not alter pathological changes, as opposed to models with approved lymphocytic involvement. These findings strongly suggest that lymphocytes are not pathogenetically relevant in this model for CMT1A. We suggest that - in contrast to myelin phagocytosing macrophages - T-lymphocytes are not a promising target for treatment of CMT1A.

MCP-1/CCL2 modifies axon properties in a PMP22-overexpressing mouse model for Charcot-Marie-tooth 1A neuropathy.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A) neuropathy, the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy, is primarily caused by a gene duplication for the peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22). In an accordant mouse model, we investigated the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) as a regulator of nerve macrophages and neural damage including axonopathy and demyelination. By generating PMP22tg mice with reduced levels or lack of MCP-1/CCL2, we found that MCP-1/CCL2 is involved in the increase of macrophages in mutant nerves. PMP22tg mice with wild-type levels of MCP-1/CCL2 showed strong macrophage increase in the diseased nerves, whereas either 50% reduction or total absence of MCP-1/CCL2 led to a moderate or a strong reduction of nerve macrophages, respectively. Interestingly, MCP-1/CCL2 expression level and macrophage numbers were correlated with features indicative of axon damage, such as maldistribution of K+ channels, reduced compound muscle action potentials, and muscle weakness. Demyelinating features, however, were most highly reduced when MCP-1/CCL2 was diminished by 50%, whereas complete lack of MCP-1/CCL2 showed an intermediate demyelinating phenotype. We also identified the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-pathway as being involved in MCP-1/CCL2 expression in the Schwann cells of the CMT1A model. Our data show that, in a CMT1A model, MCP-1/CCL2 activates nerve macrophages, mediates both axon damage and demyelination, and may thus be a promising target for therapeutic approaches.

The alpha-chemokine CXCL14 is up-regulated in the sciatic nerve of a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A and alters myelin gene expression in cultured Schwann cells.

At present the pathogenesis of CMT1A neuropathy, caused by the overexpression of PMP22, has not yet been entirely understood. The PMP22-overexpressing C61 mutant mouse is a suitable animal model, which mimics the human CMT1A disorder. We observed that myelin gene expression in the sciatic nerve of the C61 mouse was up-regulated at postnatal day 4 to 7 (P4-P7). When investigating the morphology of peripheral nerves in C61 and wildtype mice at early stages of postnatal development, hypermyelination could be detected in the femoral quadriceps and sciatic nerve of transgenic animals at postnatal day 7 (P7). In order to identify genes, other than Pmp22, that are modulated in sciatic nerve of P7 transgenic mice, we applied microarray technology. Amongst the regulated genes, the gene encoding the alpha-chemokine CXCL14 was most prominently up-regulated. We report that Cxcl14 was expressed exclusively by Schwann cells of the sciatic nerve, as well as by cultured Schwann cells triggered to differentiate. Furthermore, in cultured Schwann cells CXCL14 modulated the expression of myelin genes and altered cell proliferation. Our findings demonstrate that early overexpression of PMP22, in a mouse model of CMT1A, results in a strong up-regulation of CXCL14, which seems to play a novel regulatory role in Schwann cell differentiation.

Tacrolimus (FK506) causes disease aggravation in models for inherited peripheral myelinopathies.

Mice hetero- or homozygously deficient for myelin protein zero (P0+/-, P0-/- mice) are models for distinct forms of inherited de- or dysmyelinating neuropathies, respectively. P0+/- mice show a demyelinating neuropathy with a pathogenetic implication of CD8+ T-lymphocytes and macrophages, while P0-/- mice show dysmyelination with axonal loss. It was, therefore, of interest to treat both mutants with FK506 (Tacrolimus), an agent with immunosuppressive and neuroprotective properties. Treatment of P0+/- mice led to an aggravation of demyelination, without affecting nervous CD8+ T-lymphocytes, but reducing splenic CD4+ cells. Treatment of P0-/- mice resulted in a substantial increase of the dysmyelination-related axon loss. Treatment of wildtype mice did not cause pathological changes in peripheral nerves. Our study shows that FK506 may not be suitable for the treatment of the human nerve disorders. Furthermore, when used as an immunosuppressant, the drug may generate detrimental neurological side effects in patients with an additional hereditary neuropathy.

Origin of CD11b+ macrophage-like cells in the CNS of PLP-overexpressing mice: low influx of haematogenous macrophages and unchanged blood-brain-barrier in the optic nerve.

We have recently reported that overexpression of proteolipid protein in oligodendrocytes leads to a pathologically relevant increase of both CD8+ T-lymphocytes and CD11b+ cells in the CNS. We now focussed on the origin of the CD11b+ cells in the optic nerve, a well established structure for the analysis of the mutant, using bone marrow chimeric mice. Although there is an age-related increase in CD11b+ cells in the myelinated part of the optic nerve of the mutants, the percentage of infiltrating cells was not increased, but enhanced proliferation was detectable. In the non-myelinated optic nerve head, the rate of infiltrating CD11b+ cells and albumin extravasation was high in both genotypes. However, albumin extravasation was also high in the rostral myelinated part, where CD11b+ cell influx was low. Our study demonstrates an intrinsic origin of CD11b+ cells in the presence of an unchanged blood-brain-barrier in a CNS myelin mutant.