Knowledge, attitude and practices towards COVID-19 preventive measures among adults in Bhutan: A cross-sectional study.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a major global health challenge. Preventive measures against the spread of COVID-19 require the involvement of all sections of society. Knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 preventive measures influence human practices. We describe the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of COVID-19 preventive measure in Bhutan. This was a cross-sectional survey using multistage-cluster sampling involving participants from all 20 districts of the country. The knowledge was assessed using 12 items, attitude using 6 Likert items and practice using 10 items. There was total of 1708 respondents. The mean knowledge was 10.7, (SD = 1.5; range 0-12); 86.38% had good knowledge, 10.95% had average knowledge, 2.69% had poor knowledge. The common sources of knowledge were television (84.9%) and family and friends (74.7%). Those younger than 30 years were associated with good knowledge. The fear of contracting COVID-19 was reported by 96% and 86.4% agreed that appropriate preventive measures can help control the spread of COVID-19. Nearly all the respondents (97%) wore mask while going out and majority practiced good hand hygiene (87.9%) and proper cough etiquette (84.1%). The knowledge on COVID-19 preventive measures was good and the majority held positive attitudes and practices.

Quality improvement initiative to address bed shortage in the maternity ward at the National Referral Hospital.

Background and Aims: The shortage of beds at the maternity ward is ever increasing with an increasing trend in total birth and cesarean section deliveries thereby increasing the daily number of obstetric patients awaiting admission. This quality improvement (QI) project was conducted to mitigate the problem of bed shortage by implementing modified enhanced recovery after surgery in low-risk cesarean section mothers. We aimed to increase the process measure of second day postoperative discharge in low-risk cesarean section mothers admitted in the maternity ward from 0% to 25% over 2 months period. Simultaneously, the outcome measure of daily number of obstetric patients awaiting admission was assessed. Methods: The study was conducted at the maternity ward, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu Bhutan. Fishbone analysis was used to analyze problems leading to delayed discharge. Interventions were discussed, implemented, and reviewed using Plan, Do, Study, and Act (PDSA) cycle over 8 week period from June 1 to July 31, 2021. Data were collected using the EXCEL sheet and analyzed using STATA 13. Process and outcome measures during the pre and postintervention period were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to express the results. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to determine the statistical significance at p < 0.05. Results: The postintervention second day postoperative discharge increased to a median value of 65.5% (interquartile range [IQR]: 45-80) compared to the preintervention value of zero. The number of daily waiting obstetric patients decreased from the preintervention median value of 6.0 (IQR: 0-7) to the postintervention median value of 1.0 (IQR: 0-2) which was statistically significant at p = 0.0001. Conclusion: QI initiative can address bed shortages by increasing the early postoperative discharge, thereby reducing the number of obstetric patients awaiting admissions. The outcome of this QI initiative can be used to provide evidence to modify the existing Standard Operating Procedures in our setup.