The association between GRACE score at admission for myocardial infarction and the incidence of sudden cardiac arrests in long-term follow-up - the MADDEC study.

Background. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), often also leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD), is a common complication in coronary artery disease. Despite the effort there is a lack of applicable prediction tools to identify those at high risk. We tested the association between the validated GRACE score and the incidence of SCA after myocardial infarction. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 1,985 patients treated for myocardial infarction (MI) between January 1st 2015 and December 31st 2018 and followed until the 31st of December of 2021. The main exposure variable was patients' GRACE score at the point of admission and main outcome variable was incident SCA after hospitalization. Their association was analyzed by subdistribution hazard (SDH) model analysis. The secondary endpoints included SCA in patients with no indication to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) device and incident SCD. Results. A total of 1985 patients were treated for MI. Mean GRACE score at baseline was 118.7 (SD 32.0). During a median follow-up time of 5.3 years (IQR 3.8-6.1 years) 78 SCA events and 52 SCDs occurred. In unadjusted analyses one SD increase in GRACE score associated with over 50% higher risk of SCA (SDH 1.55, 95% CI 1.29-1.85, p < 0.0001) and over 40% higher risk for SCD (1.42, 1.12-1.79, p = 0.0033). The associations between SCA and GRACE remained statistically significant even with patients without indication for ICD device (1.57, 1.30-1.90, p < 0.0001) as well as when adjusting with patients LVEF and omitting the age from the GRACE score to better represent the severity of the cardiac event. The association of GRACE and SCD turned statistically insignificant when adjusting with LVEF. Conclusions. GRACE score measured at admission for MI associates with long-term risk for SCA.

What is already known about this subject?Nearly 50% of cardiac mortality is caused by sudden cardiac death, often due to sudden cardiac arrest.Despite the effort, there is a lack of applicable prediction tools to identify those at high risk.What does this study add?This study shows that GRACE score measured at the point of admission for myocardial infarction can be used to evaluate patients' risk for sudden cardiac arrest in a long-term follow-up.How might this impact on clinical practice?Based on our findings, the GRACE score at the point of admission could significantly affect the patients' need for an ICD device after hospitalization for MI and should be considered as a contributing factor when evaluating the patients' follow-up care.

Ventricular Arrhythmias and Hemodynamic Collapse During Acute Coronary Syndrome- Increased Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death?

AIM: In acute phase of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular tachycardia (VT) and/or ventricular fibrillation (VF) leading to resuscitation are not considered to be associated with increased long-term sudden cardiac death (SCD) because the cause - acute ischemia - is believed to be reversible.Aim of this study was to investigate whether ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac arrest during ACS associate with the risk of incident SCD in patients with normal or mildly impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS: This study is based on a retrospective analysis of all 8,062 consecutive ACS patients undergoing coronary angiography with baseline LVEF ≥40% between 2007-2018 (follow-up until December 31st, 2021). The primary outcome was SCD equivalent life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (LTVA) composing of true SCDs, aborted SCDs by successful resuscitation or appropriate ICD therapy. The risk of sudden LTVA was estimated with multivariate subdistribution hazard model using other deaths as competing events. RESULTS: Two-hundred and thirteen (n=211, 2.6%) patients suffered acute phase VF/VT leading to resuscitation and survived to discharge and most happened before angiography (80.6%, N=170) and were VF (92.9%, N=196). During a median follow-up of 7.6 years, 3.9% (N=316) of all the patients had LTVA (10.0% in VF/VT group vs 3.8% in other patients). VF/VTs during ACS associated with an increased risk for future SCD (HR 3.07; 95% CI 1.94-4.85, p<0.001). Most LTVAs occurred in patients without ICDs. CONCLUSIONS: VF/VT in ACS associates with remarkably high long-term risk for SCD in patients with LVEF ≥40%.

This retrospective study comprising of over 8,000 patients without significant heart failure after acute coronary syndrome indicates that patients with potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias during hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome are at 3-fold risk of sudden cardiac death or equivalent events in long-term when compared to those without ventricular arrhythmias Further study is required to confirm our findings and to assess whether electrophysiological examination or implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy could be useful to prevent sudden cardiac death in these patients.

Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death after unstable angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac arrests (SCA) and sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) are believed to account for a large proportion of deaths due to cardiovascular causes. The purpose of this study is to provide comprehensive information on the epidemiology of SCAs and SCDs after acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The incidence of SCA (including SCDs) was studied retrospectively among 10,316 consecutive patients undergoing invasive evaluation for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) between 2007 and 2018 at Tays Heart Hospital (sole provider of specialized cardiac care for a catchment area of over 0.5 million residents). Baseline and follow-up information was collected by combining information from the hospital's electronic health records, death certificate data, and a full-disclosure review of written patient records and accounts of the circumstances leading to death. RESULTS: During 12 years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of SCAs (including SCDs) was 9.8% (0.8% annually) and that of SCDs 5.4% (0.5% annually). Cumulative incidence of SCAs in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris were: 11.9%,10.2% and 5.7% at 12 years. SCAs accounted for 30.5% (n = 528/1,732) of all deaths due to cardiovascular causes. The vast majority of SCAs (95.6%) occurred in patients without implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) devices or among patients with no recurrent hospitalizations for coronary artery disease (89.1%). CONCLUSIONS: SCAs accounted for less than a third of all deaths due to cardiovascular causes among patients with previous ACS. Incidence of SCA is highest among STEMI and NSTEMI patients. After the hospital discharge, most of SCAs happen to NSTEMI patients.