[Comparative analysis of ISSR markers polymorphism in populations of yak (Bos mutus) and in F1 hybrids between yak and cattle in the Sayan-Altai region].

The genetic variability in seven yak populations from the Sayan-Altai region and in F1 hybrids between yak and cattle (khainags) was investigated with the help of a technique that involves the use of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers generated with PCR primers (AG)9C and (GA)9C. Samples for the analysis were collected in Mongolia, Tuva, and Altai from 2008 through 2012. The examined yak populations differed in in the presence/absence of ISSR fragments, as well as in their frequency. In total, 46 ISSR fragments were identified using two marker systems; the proportion of polymorphic loci constituted 76% and 90% for the AG-ISSR and GA-ISSR markers, respectively. For the total sample of yaks, total genetic diversity (Ht), within-population diversity (Hs), and interpopulation diversity (Gst) constituted 0.081, 0.044, and 0.459 for the AG-ISSR and 0.137, 0.057, and 0.582 for the GA-ISSR markers, respectively. Based on ISSR finger printing, species- and breed-specific DNA patterns were described for the three groups of animals (yaks, cattle, khainags). For the domestic yak, the species-specific profile was represented by eight ISSR fragments. Genetic relationships between the yak populations, cattle breeds, and khainags were examined with the help of four different approaches used in the analysis of population structure: estimation of phylogenetic similarity, multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. Clear evidence on the differentiation of the populations examined at the interspecific, as well as at intraspecific, level were obtained. Similar (relative); as well as remote (isolated), yak populations were identified. Khainags occupy an intermediate position between yak and cattle. However, the data on the ISSR-PCR marker polymorphism (genome polymorphism, population structure).indicate that part of the analyzed khainag genome was more similar to the yak genome than to the cattle genome.

[Comparison of ISSR polymorphism among cattle breeds].

Polymorphism analysis of DNA fragments flanked by (TC)9G and (CT)9G inverted dinucleotide microsatellite repeats in 766 animals of 19 cattle breeds and one breeding type revealed 66 fragments, of which 64 were polymorphic. The breeds proved to differ in the frequency and presence or absence of amplified DNA fragments at the genomic level, indicating that ISSR fingerprinting is informative for differentiating the PCR product spectra and cattle breeds. Multilocus ISSR polymorphism analysis identified the group of fragments that can be used as Bos taurus and B. indicus species markers to describe the standards of breeds, their genetic profiles, and breed-specific patterns. Based on ISSR polymorphism, a prototypal gene pool of cattle was constructed and the breeds closest to it were identified. Genetic diversity analysis made it possible to assume that an optimal mean heterozygosity is characteristic of cattle breeds and that deviations from this optimum are indicative of various processes occurring in the population (breed).

[Analysis of the genetic structure of Tuvinian short-fat-tailed sheep populations with the use of the ISSR-PCR method].

The genetic structure of populations of the Tuvinian short-fat-tailed sheep was studied with the use of the ISSR-PCR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) method in 18 farms of Tyva. Data on the spectrum of ISSR fragments of DNA were obtained using the (AG)9C primer. Analysis of intermicrosatellite polymorphism permitted us to determine genomic characteristics of the populations, their genealogical relations, and the parameters of genetic diversity within the populations and the breed as a whole. Three genetic notions were considered on the basis of the results of this analysis: gene pool profile, gene pool standard, and breed-specific pattern. The data obtained can be used to carry out population genetic monitoring, to develop a breeding strategy, and to conserve in situ the Tuvinian sheep breed and breeds of other domesticated species.

[Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Tuvinian population of reindeer Rangifer tarandus L].

Mitochondrial DNA variation was examined in one of the southern most populations of domestic reindeer, inhabiting Tyva Republic (Tuva). In Tuvinian population sequence polymorphism of the mitochondrial DNA D loop region was demonstrated. In a sample of 29 individuals 7 mitotypes were distinguished, pointing to the preservation of rather high level of genetic diversity in this population.

[Polymorphism of ISSR-PCR markers in Tuvinian population of reindeer Rangifer tarandus L].

The results of the first analysis of the reindeer population inhabiting the south of Siberia, the Republic of Tyva (Tuva), performed by use of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique, are reported. Using ISSR-PCR with two primers, a total of 71 fragments of different size were detected. Furthermore, for the population examined the indices of the mean pairwise similarity and the mean heterozygosity were calculated. The approach used can be recommended as a useful tool for the genetic diversity monitoring in Tuvinian population of reindeer.