Insufficient vaccine coverage and vaccine hesitancy in people living with HIV: A prospective study in outpatient clinics in the Paris region.

Vaccine prevention strategies play a crucial role in the management of people living with HIV (PLWH). The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage and identify barriers to vaccine uptake in PLWH in the Paris region. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in PLWH in 16 hospitals in the Paris region. The vaccination status, characteristics, opinions, and behaviors of participants were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire and from medical records. A total of 338 PLWH were included (response rate 99.7 %). The median age of participants was 51 years (IQR: 41-58). Vaccination coverage was 77.3 % for hepatitis B (95 % CI: 72.3-81.8 %), 62.7 % for hepatitis A (57.3-67.9 %), 61.2 % for pneumococcal vaccines (55.8-66.5 %), 56.5 % for diphtheria/tetanus/poliomyelitis (DTP) (51.0-61.9 %), 44.7 % for seasonal influenza (39.3-50.1 %), 31.4 % for measles/mumps/rubella (26.4-36.6 %) and 38.5 % for meningococcal vaccine (13.9-68.4 %). The main reason for vaccine reluctance was related to the lack of vaccination proposals/reminders. The overall willingness to get vaccinated was 71.0 % (65.9-75.8 %). In the multivariable analysis, several factors were associated with a higher vaccine uptake; for DTP vaccine: higher education level, having vaccination records, being registered with a general practitioner; for seasonal influenza vaccine: age > 60 years, higher education level, being employed. The overall vaccination coverage was suboptimal. Development of strategies reducing missed opportunity to offer vaccines is needed.

Vaginal microbiota as an unusual cause of spondylodiscitis.

The incidence of extra pelvic infections due to vaginal microflora bacteria has increased as growth media and methods of isolation have improved. However, bone infections seem to be still relatively rare, and little is known about their risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment and final outcome. We describe here a spondylodiscitis due to Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Peptostreptococcus indolicus and Prevotella amnii, anaerobic bacteria from vaginal microbiota. Our patient had no obvious predisposing factor and recovered after antibiotic treatment. To our knowledge, this case is the first reported spondylodiscitis caused by polymicrobial vaginal flora in a healthy, immunocompetent woman.

High-resolution distributed shape sensing using phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry and multicore fibers.

In this paper, a highly-sensitive distributed shape sensor based on a multicore fiber (MCF) and phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The implemented system features a high strain sensitivity (down to ∼0.3 µÉ›) over a 24 m-long MCF with a spatial resolution of 10 cm. The results demonstrate good repeatability of the relative fiber curvature and bend orientation measurements. Changes in the fiber shape are successfully retrieved, showing detectable displacements of the free moving fiber end as small as 50 µm over a 60 cm-long fiber. In addition, the proposed technique overcomes cross-sensitivity issues between strain and temperature. To the best of our knowledge, the results presented in this work provide the first demonstration of distributed shape sensing based on φ-OTDR using MCFs. This high-sensitivity technique proves to be a promising approach for a wide range of new applications such as dynamic, long distance and three-dimensional distributed shape sensing.

Update on Adverse Effects of HIV Integrase Inhibitors.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this paper is to provide an up-to-date review of adverse events related to the class of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), which became the class of choice in few years. We sought answers specifically to issues pertaining to neuropsychiatric adverse events, as well as weight gain, which were the two most important categories of adverse events raised in recent studies based on real-life experience. The primary focus of this paper is on adults with a brief summary on pregnant women and children/adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS: Dolutegravir (DTG) bears the heaviest burden of neuropsychiatric side effects. Weight gain was reported with all INSTIs, although there are methodological caveats in the analyses and the findings need to be interpreted with caution.Moreover, due to recent findings on neural tube defects in infants exposed to dolutegravir during their peri-conception period, its use is not recommended for women of childbearing age without proper birth control method, while raltegravir remains the only drug which may be prescribed without caution. Given the importance of cognitive and metabolic co-morbidities in people living with HIV in regard to their quality of life, future research needs to focus on long-term effects of INSTIs in relation to these adverse events. Pharmacogenetics seems to be a promising tool. Safety during pregnancy is also another important issue to further clarify. SUMMARY: INSTIs are a generally well-tolerated class of antiretrovirals (ARV), and has a higher antiviral potency compared to other classes of ARV.Clinicians and patients need however to be aware of some red flags when starting with and monitoring patients on INSTIs.All INSTIs can lead to mild increases in creatinine levels, usually without clinical significance, but caution is needed in patients with low eGFR (<30ml/min), when using other nephrotoxic drugs, such as as tenofovir disoproxil.Neuro-psychiatric (NP) effects are to be monitored with INSTIs, especially with DTG (though reports are at times contradictory); clinicians might want to avoid DTG for patients with history of severe NP symptoms, until clarity is provided.Weight gain was reported with all INSTIs, especially with DTG, with possible differential effects according to sex and ethnicity (female and non-white patients being at increased risk). This is worrying since patients from African descent are at higher risk of cardio-vascular events and increased body mass index (BMI) can cause further increase metabolic risk. There is possibly an additional effect of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) on weight increase.Discrepancies between clinical trials - with low rates of adverse events - and reports from real-life settings might be due partly to under-representation of some groups of patients in clinical trials, and/or the short duration of follow-up, since some adverse effects may only occur after prolonged exposure.Preliminary data on safety of bictegravir (BIC), from clinical trials and non-trial settings, are very reassuring and seem to show lower rates of adverse events compared to DTG.Elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/cobi) need to be used with caution in patients with other co-morbidities given potential for polypharmacy, as it is the case for aging patients, because of the high potential of drug-drug interactions due to effects of the cobicistat booster.We are awaiting the release of cabotegravir (CAB), which could represent a good option for patients struggling with adherence, despite injection site reactions.Pharmacogenetics is a promising way to explore adverse effects occurrence in the INSTI class.

Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment by CXCR4 Antagonist-Armed Viral Oncotherapy Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of Dendritic Cell Vaccines against Neuroblastoma in Syngeneic Mice.

The induction of antitumor immune responses in tumor-bearing hosts depends on efficient uptake and processing of native or modified tumors/self-antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to activate immune effector cells, as well as the extent of the immunosuppressive network in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Because the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) for the C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) is involved in signaling interactions between tumor cells and their TME, we used oncolytic virotherapy with a CXCR4 antagonist to investigate whether targeting of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis in murine neuroblastoma cells (NXS2)-bearing syngeneic mice affects the efficacy of bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs loaded with autologous tumor cells treated with doxorubicin for induction of immunogenic cell death. Here, we show that CXCR4 antagonist expression from an oncolytic vaccinia virus delivered intravenously to mice with neuroblastoma tumors augmented efficacy of the DC vaccines compared to treatments mediated by a soluble CXCR4 antagonist or oncolysis alone. This study is the first demonstration that modulating the tumor microenvironment by an armed oncolytic virus could have a significant impact on the efficacy of DC vaccines, leading to the generation of effective protection against neuroblastoma challenge.

Factors associated with hepatitis C prevalence differ by the stage of liver fibrosis: A cross-sectional study in the general population in Poland, 2012-2016.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There is a considerable burden of hepatitis C in Europe related to the lack of prompt diagnosis. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and related risk factors of HCV infections by the stages of liver fibrosis, using non-invasive methods, to understand testing needs in Poland. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012-2016 adopting a stratified random sampling of primary health care units followed by systematic sampling of patients within each unit. Study participants filled a questionnaire and donated blood for laboratory HCV testing. Additionally, the results of liver function tests and platelet count were collected to calculate APRI and FIB-4 scores. Cases were classified according to the level of fibrosis: 'significant fibrosis' (APRI≥0.7 or FIB4≥1.45) and 'no significant fibrosis' (APRI<0.7 and FIB4<1.45). RESULTS: Of 21 875 study participants, 102 were HCV-RNA positive. Prevalence of HCV infections and significant fibrosis was estimated at 0.47% (95% CI 0.38% - 0.57%) and 0.12% (0.08% - 0.17%), respectively. Cases with significant fibrosis accounted for 51.6% (33.4%-69.9%) in men and 34.4% (17.3%-51.4%) in women. There was no correlation between the HCV prevalence and age. Blood transfusion prior to 1992 strongly predicted significant fibrosis as did the history of injecting drug use (IDU) and ever having an HCV-infected sexual partner in men and caesarean sections in women. Factors associated with HCV infection without significant fibrosis were tattooing in men and younger age in women. We acknowledge limited possibility to study the associations between IDU and ever having HCV-infected sexual partner, given small sample sizes for these exposures. CONCLUSIONS: As no clear birth cohort affected by HCV could be identified, risk factor-based screening in the general population should be considered, taking into account the association between the increased risk of liver fibrosis and the history of transfusion prior to 1992 and caesarean sections.

Reprogramming antitumor immunity against chemoresistant ovarian cancer by a CXCR4 antagonist-armed viral oncotherapy.

Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy owing to late detection, intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance, and remarkable heterogeneity. Here, we explored approaches to inhibit metastatic growth of murine and human ovarian tumor variants resistant to paclitaxel and carboplatin by oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing a CXCR4 antagonist to target the CXCL12 chemokine/CXCR4 receptor signaling axis alone or in combination with doxorubicin. The resistant variants exhibited augmented expression of the hyaluronan receptor CD44 and CXCR4 along with elevated Akt and ERK1/2 activation and displayed an increased susceptibility to viral infection compared with the parental counterparts. The infected cultures were more sensitive to doxorubicin-mediated killing both in vitro and in tumor-challenged mice. Mechanistically, the combination treatment increased apoptosis and phagocytosis of tumor material by dendritic cells associated with induction of antitumor immunity. Targeting syngeneic tumors with this regimen increased intratumoral infiltration of antitumor CD8+ T cells. This was further enhanced by reducing the immunosuppressive network by the virally-delivered CXCR4 antagonist, which augmented antitumor immune responses and led to tumor-free survival. Our results define novel strategies for treatment of drug-resistant ovarian cancer that increase immunogenic cell death and reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, culminating in antitumor immune responses that control metastatic tumor growth.

What affects response rates in primary healthcare-based programmes? An analysis of individual and unit-related factors associated with increased odds of non-response based on HCV screening in the general population in Poland.

OBJECTIVES: Response rate in public health programmes may be a limiting factor. It is important to first consider their delivery and acceptability for the target. This study aimed at determining individual and unit-related factors associated with increased odds of non-response based on hepatitis C virus screening in primary healthcare. DESIGN: Primary healthcare units (PHCUs) were extracted from the Register of Health Care Centres. Each of the PHCUs was to enrol adult patients selected on a random basis. Data on the recruitment of PHCUs and patients were analysed. Multilevel modelling was applied to investigate individual and unit-related factors associated with non-response. Multilevel logistic model was developed with fixed effects and only a random intercept for the unit. Preliminary analysis included a random effect for unit and each of the individual or PHCU covariates separately. For each of the PHCU covariates, we applied a two-level model with individual covariates, unit random effect and a single fixed effect of this unit covariate. SETTING: This study was conducted in primary care units in selected provinces in Poland. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 242 PHCUs and 24 480 adults were invited. Of them, 44 PHCUs and 20 939 patients agreed to participate. Both PHCUs and patients were randomly selected. RESULTS: Data on 44 PHCUs and 24 480 patients were analysed. PHCU-level factors and recruitment strategies were important predictors of non-response. Unit random effect was significant in all models. Larger and private units reported higher non-response rates, while for those with a history of running public health programmes the odds of non-response was lower. Proactive recruitment, more working hours devoted to the project and patient resulted in higher acceptance of the project. Higher number of personnel had no such effect. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to the implementation of public health programme, several factors that could hinder its execution should be addressed.

Hepatitis C virus epidemiology and prevention in Polish and Swiss population - similar and contrasting experiences.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to review available data on HCV in Poland and Switzerland, in order to compare the two European countries with respect to epidemiological situation and efficiency of the response systems. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A search of registries, published and grey literature was performed to assemble data on prevalence, rate of detection of new cases, identified risk factors for transmission, mortality due to HCV, prevalence of HCC and the consequent liver transplantations, as well as data on treatment in Poland and Switzerland. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was similar, not exceeding 1%. However, the major transmission routes of HCV infections were different: medical procedures in Poland and drug injections in Switzerland. By combining the available information it was also possible to demonstrate important differences in efficiency of the response systems. There was approximately 1 new diagnosis per 100 estimated undiagnosed cases in the population in Poland per year, compared to 6 in Switzerland, and the treatment rate per 100 estimated active infections was 2 and 4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Scaling up of the diagnosis and treatment is necessary in both countries; however, the means to achieve this might differ, taking into account the higher concentration of the infections in risk groups in Switzerland than in Poland.

Epidemiology of HCV infection in Central and Eastern Europe.

AIM OF STUDY: is the estimation of prevalence of HCV infection in fourteen Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This review describes the comparative data of persons possessing anti-HCV antibodies and persons with HCV viremia (% of population and number) in fourteen Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC). The study was performed according to data on the ≥15 years of age populations obtained from the Statistical Offices of the countries. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-HCV in populations varied between 0.27 and 3.5%. The lowest values were reported from Kosovo, Hungary, Germany and the Czech Republic; 0.3-0.6%. The highest values of anti-HCV antibodies were noted in Latvia, Lithuania and Romania; 2.4, 2.85 and 3.5%, respectively. From eight countries the percentages of persons with HCV viremia were available (0.2-3.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The paper gives an estimate of the number of people infected with HCV in the general population of 8 countries from the CSEEC region. This number is approximately ~1.16 million.

Current views on the persistence of immunity following hepatitis B vaccination.

This paper presents current views on the persistence of immunity following vaccination against hepatitis B. Very high effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination has been reported in a number of studies worldwide. Standard vaccination with approved schedule induces protective antibody titers in healthy newborns, children, adolescents and adults in more than 96% and 90% of cases, respectively. A number of studies have also confirmed the occurrence of anamnestic response to a booster injection of HB vaccine even after 20 years following primary immunization. From the numerous studies transpires that cellular response following hepatitis B vaccination persists longer compared to humoral response. Irrespective of gradual decline and loss of anti-HBs antibodies, adequately performed primary immunization in healthy persons ensures long-term protection against acute and chronic stages of hepatitis B. In fact, T and B lymphocytes, whose responsiveness prevails the presence of anti-HBs antibodies in serum, are true markers of immunity. A special attention should be given to persons with secondary immunodeficiencies or immunosuppressed patients whose immunization against hepatitis B raises difficulties.

[HCV inection in pregnancy]. / Zakazenia wirusem HCV u kobiet w ciazy.

The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in pregnant women ranges from 0.1% to 3.6% worldwide. In Poland, one work was published on the prevalence of HCV antibodies in pregnant women. Based on studies conducted by Aniszewska et al. in 544 women, the percentage of anti-HCV antibodies was estimated at 2.02%. Since 2011, the NIPH-NIH performs "Preliminary programme of routine HCV testing among pregnant women" within the Swiss-Polish Cooperation Programme, co-financed by the Ministry of Health, with the aim to, i.a. estimate the prevalence of HCV infection in the population of pregnant women. The transmission of the virus from mother to fetus is now considered to be the most common route leading to infections in children and infants. According to available data, the risk of vertical transmission from infected mother is relatively low and ranges from 1.8% to 5%. Transmission of HCV can occur both in the prenatal period as well as during the labor. Irrespective of the numerous studies on the transmission of the virus from mother to child, its mechanism has not been completely understood. Exclusively the factors favoring this route of infection are known. The main risk factor for vertical transmission is the presence of viral RNA in maternal peripheral blood. Other risk factors include: the presence of viral RNA in PBMC, HIV coinfection, significant increase in ALT in a year preceding pregnan- cy and during labor in women infected with HCV, extended time between the rupture of membranes and delivery as well as female gender of the baby. The impact of amniocentesis and cesarean delivery as risk factors for vertical transmission of HCV are still discussed. Breastfeeding by mothers infected with HCV is safe and does not lead to transmission of infection to the baby. As ribavirin and interferon, which are used in therapeutic regimens, cannot be administered during pregnancy, it is important to perform testing for HCV prior to a planned pregnancy. This gives the opportunity to cure the infection and eliminate the vertical route of HCV transmission.

[Methods of testing potential inhibitors of hepatitis C in Huh-7.5 cell line]. / Metody badania potencjalnych inhibitów wirusa zapalenia watroby typu C w linii komórkowej Huh-7.5.

INTRODUCTION: According to WHO reports, there are 130-170 million persons chronically infected with hepatitis C virus on a global scale. There is no effective vaccine against HCV, and the current standard of chronic hepatitis C therapy has limited efficiency and undesirable side effects. Current studies are focused on searching for a new therapeutic agents, which are specifically targeted against the virus. The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for testing the activity and cytotoxicity of potential helicase inhibitors (derivatives of anthracycline antibiotics) in Huh-7.5 cell line infected with HCV. METHODS: The Huh-7.5 cell line was infected with the JFH1 (Japanese Fulminant Hepatitis) RNA by lipofection. The cytotoxicity of anthracycline antibiotics was measured by Cell Proliferation Kit II(XTT), after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 hours after incubation with tetrazolium salt XTT. The activity ofanthracycline antibiotics was examined by Real-Time PCR method. RESULTS: The study allowed to optimize the conditions of cytotoxicity and activity studies of anthracycline antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Huh-7.5 cell line infected with HCV is a robust cell culture model for screening new antivirals against HCV.

[HCV replication in Huh-7.5 cell line]. / Replikacja wirusa HCV w linii komórkowej Huh-7.5.

INTRODUCTION: Infection with hepatitis C virus is a serious worldwide health problem. Since its discovery in 1989, the development of a cell culture system for HCV has been a major goal for scientists worldwide. In 2005 the first tissue culture that led to the production of HCV particles (2a genotype) has been created. The aim of the study was to determine viral RNA level in an infectious HCV cell culture system. METHODS: Huh-7.5 cell line was infected with the JFH1 (Japanese Fulminant Hepatitis) RNA by lipofection. The level of HCV RNA was measured in supernatant of the cell culture by Real-Time PCR method. RESULTS: HCV RNA was detected in the supernatant of Huh-7.5 cell line infected with the use ofJFH 1 RNA and lipofectamin. The maximal level of HCV RNA (3.69 x 10(9) copies/ml) was detected 96h after transfection. After about 30 days oftransfection, HCV RNA was on the stable level (10(7)-10(8)). CONCLUSIONS: Huh-7.5 cell line infected with HCV form a robust cell culture model of HCV infection. HCV replicates on high levels in Huh-7.5, which is the crucial event for the investigation of new antivirals in in vitro model.

[Prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among adults in Poland--results of cross-sectional study in general population]. / Rozpowszechnienie przeciwcial anty-HCV wsród osób doroslych w Polsce--wyniki badania przekrojowego w populacji ogólnej.

UNLABELLED: According to WHO data, there are 130-170 million hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected persons world-wide. Data on the prevalence of HCV infection in Poland is still insufficient. OBJECTIVE: The aim of study was to determine the prevalence of HCV infection in the general population in Poland and to characterize the positive predictive value of the ELISA screening test. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 4822 persons aged 18+ and hospitalized on surgical, trauma-orthopedic and laryngological wards in Lubelskie, Mazowieckie, Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie and Wielkopolskie voivodeships were enrolled into the study. The scheme of cluster sampling was applied. Hospitals wards were selected randomly from Health Care Units Registers. Detection of anti-HCV antibodies was performed using the 4th generation qualitative ELISA test (Dia Sorin, Murex). All positives samples were subject to further testing by Western Blot and retested by ELISA. According to ELISA test producers instructions, samples that were repeatedly reactive were considered as positive (reactive). Using the confirmation test (Western Blot), antibodies directed against specific antigens of HCV (C1, C2, E2, NS3, NS4, NS5) were determined. To determine the prevalence of HCV infections, repeatedly reactive ELISA samples, confirmed by Western Blot (WB) were used. In order to estimate the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in general population, indirect standardization according to age groups (<30, 30-49, 50-69, >or =70), gender and place of residence (urban/rural) was employed. RESULTS: Initially positive ELISA test results were obtained in 92/4822 patients (1.91%) and repeatedly positive results--in 46/4822 patients (0.95%). The presence of anti-HCV was confirmed by WB in 54/4822 (1.12%), which constituted 58.7% (54/92) of single-reactive samples and 95.7% (44/46) of double-reactive samples. The positive results of Western Blot were obtained for 10 samples, which were not repeatedly reactive in ELISA test. The standardized prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies amounted to 0.86% (95% CI: 0.59-1.14%). Positive predictive value for a single reactive ELISA test accounted for 47.8% (95% CI: 37.4-58.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Given the low predictive value of the single-positive ELISA, performance of repeated ELISA tests, even for epidemiological purpose, would be recommended.

[Genotyping by REA-PFGE of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from clinical, environmental and food samples]. / Genotypowanie metoda REA-PFGE paleczek Listeria monocytogenes izolowanych z próbek materialu klinicznego, próbek srodowiskowych i próbek zywnosci.

Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from clinical food and environmental samples were genotyped by Restriction Enzyme Analysis with Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (REA-PFGE) using ApaI and AscI enzymes according to PulseNet Europe procedure. Analysis of DNA fragments profiles obtained by AscI digestion demonstrated presence of 62 REA-PFGE profiles grouped in 2 lineages (FI, FII). Diversity of strains source among both lineages was observed. Statistical analysis showed, that strains isolated from clinical samples more frequently are included to lineage FI, then lineage FII. Non-clinical strains were more frequently included to lineage FII. Combined analysis of REA-PFGE profiles for ApaI and AscI enzymes showed 8 unique pulsotypes characteristic for two or more L. monocytogenes isolates. Moreover researched L. monocytogenes strains were analyzed by multiplex-PCR according Doumith et al methodology. PCR-group 4B was most frequent among strains isolated from clinical samples. Correlation between PCR-group and pulsotype was observed only in few cases.

[Genotyping methods of Listeria monocytogenes]. / Genetyczne metody typowania paleczek Listeria monocytogenes.

Listeriosis could occur as sporadic case as well as epidemic outbreak. For that reason it is important to subtype the Listeria monocytogenes strains using the fastest and most effective method. Genetic techniques are the most effective methods for differentiation of this species. Basing on latest available data eight selected subtyping genetic methods of Listeria monocytogenes strains were characterized: REA-PFGE, rybotyping, AFLP, PCR-RFLP, multiplex PCR, and methods from RAPD groups, such as AP-PCR, rep-PCR and ERIC -PCR. Analysis of available information allowed to assess that the most effective methods for L. monocytogenes typing are REA-PFGE and rybotyping. However, the rep-PCR and ERIC-PCR methods could be used in the routine Listeria monocytogenes diagnosis.

[Listeria monocytogenes in human infections]. / Paleczki Listeria monocytogenes w zakazeniach ludzi.

The Listeria genus is distinguished into six species from which just one--Listeria monocytogenes is pathogenic for humans. The main route of acquisition of Listeria is through the ingestion of contaminated food products. An important element of the L. monocytogenes pathogenesis infection is affiliation with high-risk group of immunocompromised patients, infants or pregnant women, who infected by this microorganism can lead to miscarriage. Listeriosis can appear in the form of sepsis, infection of the nervous system or local abscesses. Another form of listeriosis is gastrointestinal tract infection--noticed in case of food poisoning outbreak.