High-resolution stigmatic spectrograph for a wavelength range of 12.5-30 nm.

We describe a broadband (12.5-30 nm) extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectrograph, which is stigmatic throughout its operating range. The instrument employs a near-normal-incidence aperiodic Mo/Si multilayer mirror and a grazing-incidence plane varied line-space (VLS) grating. Strict stigmatism is fulfilled simultaneously at two wavelengths and the condition of practical stigmatism is fulfilled over two octaves in wavelength. The vertically space-resolved line spectra of multiple charge ions from laser plasma were recorded to demonstrate a spectral resolving power of 103 and a spatial resolution of ~26 µm, both figures corresponding to two detector pixels. The electron density was evaluated from the Stark broadening of the Balmer line Hß (135 Å) of C VI in the plasma excited by 0.5 J, 8 ns, 1.06 µm pulses.

[The possibilities for expert examination during of situational forensic medical expertises including the trasological investigation of the blood stains].

The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the possibilities of trasological investigations of the blood stains for the purpose of situational forensic medical expertises. The potential of such investigations is exemplified by the case of the head wound inflicted by the shot from the Osa civil self-defense handgun. The possibilities of comprehensive assessment of the injuries to the human body, analysis of blood stains on the clothes and the surrounding objects at the place of the accident for the detailed reconstruction of the event are illustrated.

[Nitric oxide and human aging].

More than in 500 17-21-year-old medical students stress reactivity (SR), biological age (BA), arterial pressure (AP) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites excretion to the alveolar air [nitrates and nitrites concentration (NNC) in alveolar condensate] were determined in rest and before examinations during 1995-2204. AP, BA and NNC were measured in various trimesters of individual year (IY, the period from one person's birthday to another). During this period girls' AP changes insignificantly. The AP of youths is higher than in girls and increases during IV-IY trimester (10-12 months after birthday). The youths NNC decreases from the II to the IV-IY trimesters, but in girls there is a tendency to NNC increase during the IV-IY trimester their NNC negatively correlates (r = -0,34) with their systolic AP Among youths and girls with equal AP, NNC is significantly higher in girls. NNC decreases with the SR rise; this decrease develops during the examination stress too, but in girls NNC decrease is less. BA in youths is higher than in girls and increases during the IV-IY trimester. In youths BA negatively correlates (r = -0,60) with NNC. Taking into mind the "stress theory" of aging (P. Parsons, 1995) our data may be a basis to assumption that nitric oxide is a "molecule of anti-aging".

[Forensic medical assessment of the skull bone fractures owing to blow impacts depending on anatomical characteristics and a nature of a trauma-causing objects]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaia otsenka perelomov kostei svoda cherepa pri udarnykh vozdeistviiakh v zavisimosti ot ikh anatomicheskikh osobennostei i kharaktera travmiruiushchego predmeta.

Fractures in bones of the skull base (BSB) are preconditioned by the contact zone of interaction between the two below surfaces, i.e. the trace-forming one (object) and the trace-receiving one (bone). On the basis of their independent research, the authors suggest a set of criteria for the expert evaluation of fractures in BSB for the purpose of specifying the properties of the trauma-causing object, which is made with due regard for the anatomic specific features of the trauma zone.