[Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in patients after transurethral resection of the prostate].

Performing a radical treatment of prostate cancer in patients with a history of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a serious task even for an experienced surgeon, due to the anatomical and topographic changes that occur after endoscopic surgery. The technical possibilities of robotic technologies have great potential for obtaining the best treatment results for this category of patients. In order to review the intra- and postoperative outcomes of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients with a history of PCa and TURP, we selected relevant publications in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the period from 2008 to 2022. Based on the analysis of publications, there is no definite opinion on the efficacy and safety of RARP in patients after TURP compared with patients without a history of TURP. However, an experienced robotic surgeon with an appropriate level of expertise should perform surgical treatment of patients with a history of TURP. It has been shown that the choice of surgical approach when performing radical prostatectomy does not have a significant impact on treatment outcomes. At the same time, before performing radical treatment of prostate cancer in this category of patients, it is necessary to inform them about the possibly worse oncological and functional results of the operation.

[Robot-assisted prostatectomy for PT3. Oncological and functional outcomes].

In 2020, prostate cancer (PCa) ranked third in the structure of the most significant oncological diseases. In the Russian Federation, in terms of the frequency of detection among men, prostate cancer is second only to tumors of the upper respiratory tract and lungs, accounting for 14.9%. Radical prostatectomy (RP) in various modifications is still the most common treatment for localized prostate cancer, despite the existence of alternatives such as active surveillance, hormonal and radiation therapy, cryoablation, and others. And the technological pinnacle of the surgical treatment of prostate cancer at the moment is robot-assisted prostatectomy, the widespread use of which was marked by the publication of J. Binder back in 2002. This technology combined the advantages of minimally invasive laparoscopic RP with improved surgeon ergonomics and technical ease of vesicourethral anastomosis reconstruction and has now become the preferred minimally invasive approach. This article will consider the use of a robot-assisted technique in the stage of T3 prostate cancer.

[Optimization of prevention of infectious complications during prostate biopsy].

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in middle-aged and elderly men. Transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy is the standard method for diagnosing prostate cancer but is associated with a high incidence of infectious compli-cations. A review of the literature on optimizing the prevention of infectious complications when performing transrectal prostate biopsy is presented. The main risk factors and the common measures to prevent the development of complications are discussed, including a study of using fosfomycin trometamol as the preferred drug for antibacterial prophylaxis. Fosfomycin meets the requirements for empirical prophylaxis, but further clinical studies are needed.

[HIFU therapy of localized prostate cancer using image-guided robotic HIFU Focal One].

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed malignant tumor in men after lung cancer and is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. In November 2019, the spectrum of alternative treatment for PCa was added by a novel minimally invasive method, namely high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) using the latest Focal One machine (with the possibility of combining intraoperative ultrasound and preoperative MRI data). MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period from November 2019 to November 2021, HIFU using Focal One device (manufactured by EDAP, France) was performed in 75 patients with PCa. Total ablation was done in 45 cases, while 30 patients undergone to focal prostate ablation. The average age of the patients was 62.7 (51-80) years, the total PSA level was 9.3 (3.2-15.5) ng/ml and the prostate volume was 32.0 (11-35) cc. The maximum urinary rate was 13.3 (6.3-36) ml/s, IPSS score was 7 (3-25) points, IIEF-5 score was 18 (4-25). Clinical stage c1N0M0 was diagnosed in 60 patients, 1bN0M0 in 4 patients, 2N0M0 in 11 patients. In 21 cases, transurethral resection of the prostate was performed within 4-6 weeks prior to total ablation. Before surgery, all patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis with intravenous contrast and PIRADS V2 assessment. MRI data were used intraoperatively for precision planning of the procedure. RESULTS: In all patients, the procedure was performed under endotracheal anesthesia in accordance with the technical recommendations of the manufacturer. Prior to surgery, a silicone urethral catheter of 16 or 18 Ch was placed. The average duration of the intervention was 101 (56-147) minutes. The postoperative period was uneventful in all cases.Patients received antibiotic therapy via parenteral route for 4 days, followed by oral administration for another 10 days, as well as alpha-blockers (at least 1 month after procedure). After removal of urethral catheter on the 4th day, all patients started to void. In 9 cases there was acute urinary retention in the evening and in 4 patients in the next morning, requiring temporary bladder catheterization. A year after the procedure, 53 patients were fully examined: the average total PSA level in patients who underwent total ablation (n=53) was 0.96+/-0.11 ng/ml, the IPSS score was 6.9+/-0,6 points (no difference compared to baseline). Follow-up biopsy revealed PCa in 6 patients; in other cases, prostate fibrosis was determined. CONCLUSIONS: HIFU in patients with localized PCa using image-guided robotic HIFU (Focal One) is promising and feasible. This method has shown good oncological results with a short follow-up period. It is advisable to carry out further prospective analysis.

[Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: clinical and morphological comparisons based on autopsy data].

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly throughout the world, causing high morbidity and mortality. Analysis of clinical and autopsy data may allow to understand this disease. The results of pulmonary and renal autopsies in 37 deceased patients from COVID-19 are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An autopsy was performed in Moscow in 37 deceased patients aged from 28 to 94 years. The microscopic features of the lungs and kidneys were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: Important findings include diffuse alveolar injury, pulmonary thrombosis and microangiopathy, as well as acute kidney injury in all cases, varying in severity. CONCLUSIONS: We report the presence of acute kidney injury in all cases, which requires correction of renal function in patients with SARS-CoV-2, with control of serum creatinine levels, urine volume, proteinuria and hematuria.

[Moscow program of early detection and treatment of prostate cancer].

The aim of this study is to improve the results of detection and treatment of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) in the Moscow. For this purpose, we performed our own clinical diagnostic, epidemiological, autopsy, experimental and comparative studies that emphasize the relevance of the stated subject in the study of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with PCa. Urology Department of A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry was at the forefront of the Men's Health program in Moscow and in early 2003 it was the first to have an office for early diagnosis of prostate diseases, as part of the Program. Over 20,000 patients were screened for PCa. For the first time in Russia, methods for the early detection of PCa were investigated on a cohort of Russian men using PCA3 and the Prostate Health Index. The role and significance of prostate saturation biopsy was examined. The investigation of aspects of the morphological assessment of prostate diseases formed the basis for the development of an electronic atlas of PCa images. A series of studies on various prostate visualization methods, including Histoscanning system and MRI, have been performed. A new minimally invasive method for the treatment of prostate cancer has been introduced - a robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and cryoablation. The concept of surgical treatment of localized forms of PCa has been developed and the factors predicting the success of treatment have been determined. This study is reflected in numerous publications both in Russia and abroad, in monographs and dissertations.

[Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy - functional result. Part II]. / Robot-assistirovannaia radikal'naia prostatéktomiia - funktsional'nyi rezul'tat. Chast' II.

Robot-assisted surgery is one of the most important achievements of modern medicine. Robot-assisted operations widely used in urology, gynecology, general and cardiovascular surgery are considered by many experts as a new 'gold standard' of surgical treatment of various diseases in developed countries. Well-known advantages of robot-assisted surgery are low invasiveness, 3D-visualization of surgical field, high accuracy of instrument movements resulting minimal intraoperative blood loss, short hospital-stay, rapid recovery and short social maladjustment of operated patients. Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer is the most common robotic procedure worldwide. Better functional outcomes are due to another (new) understanding of pelvic surgical anatomy, changed approach to dissection and preservation of external urethral sphincter and neurovascular bundles. Prostate neuroanatomy, various variants of preservation of neurovascular bundles are reviewed in the article. Moreover, own experience of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy followed by favorable functional results is presented.

[Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Functional result. Part I. (in Russian only)]. / Robot-assistirovannaia radikal'naia prostatéktomiia. Funktsional'nyi rezul'tat. Chast' I.

Robot-assisted operations as widely used in urology, gynecology, general and cardiovascular surgery are considered by many experts as a new 'gold standard' of surgical treatment of various diseases in developed countries. Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer is the most common robotic procedure. Better functional outcomes of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy are due to another (new) understanding of pelvic surgical anatomy, new approach implying dissection and preservation of external urethral sphincter and neurovascular structures. Prostate neuroanatomy, various approaches to preserve neurovascular structures and own experience of nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy with functional results are reviewed in the article.

[Robot-assisted pelvic floor reconstruction: review and own experience].

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is the most common urogynecological disease in women of middle and older age groups. This disease causes numerous urogenital symptoms and significantly reduces the quality of life of patients. Surgical correction of POP is the optimal method f treatment for this category of patients, however, the choice of surgery and access remains controversial. In recent decades, thanks to the development of robotic technologies, the use of robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy (RAS) has become increasingly popular. Numerous studies have shown the equivalence of results compared with the "gold standard" repair of prolapse - open sacrocolpopexy. This article presents a review of the current literature and our own experience of RAS.

[The role of fosfomycin in the management of urinary tract infections].

The article analyses major guidelines on the management of uncomplicated cystitis. The authors outline and substantiate the role of fosfomycin in the management of urinary tract infections. They provide current evidence on the resistance of uropathogens, including those producing extended-spectrum -lactamase. Combination therapy (fosfomycin + -lactams or aminoglycosides) is often used to treat infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms. The possibility of using fosfomycin for perioperative prophylaxis of UTI during endourologic operations and transrectal prostate biopsy is shown.

[Possibilities of automated image analysis in pathology].

Pathology is one of the most dynamically developed medical specialties. The wide spread of whole-slide imaging systems has leaded to the development of microscopic image analysis software. This review shows the possibilities of these programs and their role in the routine work of a pathologist.

[TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION].

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most urgent problems of modern urology, significantly affecting quality of life of male population worldwide. According to European Association of Urology ED is defined as the persistent inability to attain and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual performance. Premature ejaculation (PE) is also a significant medical and social issue as it seriously affects the quality of life, especially in the presence of more or less severe ED. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of combination therapy of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and dietary supplements NeyroDoz in patients with ED and PE. The study results demonstrate the effectiveness and good compatibility of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and dietary supplements NeyroDoz as a combination therapy in patients with ED and PE. Dietary supplement, having a good tolerance, reduced psychosomatic symptom and significantly increased duration of intercourse, thus significantly improving the quality of patients' sexual life. The feasibility to prolong the effect of the therapy by the individual adjustment of NeyroDoz dosing mode after a 60-day treatment course offers new opportunities for personalized medicine, and the dietary supplement may be recommended as a complementary preparation to provide an adequate sexual functioning.

[Anesthetic management of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy].

The authors have an experience in performing of 700 radical prostatectomies by using of daVinci-robot. The main factors determining parameters of operation and anesthesia are presented in the article. The authors give recommendations for optimization of anesthetic management. The main features of patient preparation for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, parameters of anesthesia and postoperative management of patients are presented in the article.

[EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PELVIC MRI IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS].

Accurate staging of prostate cancer is a prerequisite to forecast disease progression and-to guide surgery planning. In current clinical practice, contrast-enhanced MRI is one of the imaging tools for improving the evaluation of prostate cancer patients. To assess the diagnostic value of MRI a retrospective study in a real clinical practice setting was conducted. Preoperative MRI imageswere compared to postoperative pathological findings after radical prostatectomy. Accuracy of 85,3% was found in detection of seminal vesicle involvement and 65% in extracapsular extension. Specificities achieved 93,9% and 98,5%, respectively.

[VALUE OF THE -2PROPSA INDEX AND THE PROSTATE HEALTH INDEX IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND DATA OF RUSSIAN PROSPECTIVE STUDY].

The article presents the analysis of the fundamental studies on the -2proPSA and prostate health index (PHI) and the determination of their field of use in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). The main aspects of use of the new markers studied include improvement of detection of prostate cancer, increase of specificity and reduction of the number of unnecessary biopsies, identification of aggressive forms of prostate cancer, as well as determination of the progression of the disease. The results of numerous studies, as well as preliminary data of Russian study on the assessment of new indicators are promising and today allow to recommend the use of the test to determine the values of the -2proPSA and prostate health index (PHI) in routine urological practice.

[Simulation-based robot-assisted surgical training].

Since the first use of robotic surgical system in 2000, the robot-assisted technology has gained wide popularity throughout the world. Robot-assisted surgical training is a complex issue that requires significant efforts from students and teacher. During the last two decades, simulation-based training had received active development due to wide-spread occurrence and popularization of laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgical techniques. We performed a systematic review to identify the currently available simulators for robot-assisted surgery. We searched the Medline and Pubmed, English sources of literature data, using the following key words and phrases: "robotics", "robotic surgery", "computer assisted surgery", "simulation", "computer simulation", "virtual reality", "surgical training", and "surgical education". There were identified 565 publications, which meet the key words and phrases; 19 publications were selected for the final analysis. It was established that simulation-based training is the most promising teaching tool that can be used in the training of the next generation robotic surgeons. Today the use of simulators to train surgeons is validated. Price of devices is an obvious barrier for inclusion in the program for training of robotic surgeons, but the lack of this tool will result in a sharp increase in the duration of specialists training.

[Individual learning curve for radical robot-assisted prostatectomy based on the example of three professionals working in one clinic].

The appearance of new surgical technique always requires evaluation of its effectiveness and ease of acquisition. A comparative study of the results of the first three series of successive robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) performed on at time by three surgeons, was conducted. The series consisted of 40 procedures, and were divided into 4 groups of 10 operations for the analysis. When comparing data, statistically significant improvement of intra- and postoperative performance in each series was revealed, with increase in the number of operations performed, and in each subsequent series compared with the preceding one. We recommend to perform the planned conversion at the first operation. In our study, previous laparoscopic experience did not provide any significant advantages in the acquisition of robot-assisted technology. To characterize the individual learning curve, we recommend the use of the number of operations that the surgeon looked in the life-surgery regimen and/or in which he participated as an assistant before his own surgical activity, as well as the indicator "technical defect". In addition to the term "individual learning curve", we propose to introduce the terms "surgeon's individual training phase", and "clinic's learning curve".