[The contemporary world trends in epidemiology of gonococcal infection: The publications review].

The gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. N. gonorrhoeae being tropic to columnar epithelium, primarily infects mucosa of urogenital system, rectum, pharynx and conjunctiva. According the WHO, in 2016 about 87 million of new cases of gonorrhea were registered in the age group of 15-49 years old. The number of new gonorrhea cases increases steadily in many countries. The significant contribution into propagation of infection is made by males practicing sex with males, migrants, commercial sex workers, ethnic minorities. The undetected cervical gonococcus infection can result in such severe complications as inflammatory diseases of organs of small pelvis and infertility that directly impacts the reproductive losses of population. The anorectal and and pharyngeal gonorrhea very often takes asymptomatic course that complicates diagnostic and effects the statistical picture of morbidity. The apprehension of world trends in epidemiology of gonococcal infection can become a key point in implementation and development of national and international programs of prevention of propagation of this disease. The review of national and world publications concerning actual clinical epidemiological characteristics of gonococcus infection was implemented through such on-line search systems as PubMed, Google Scholar, BioMed Central (95 publications in total). The conclusions are made about steady increasing of morbidity due to propagation of infection in groups of risky sexual behavior, application of modern diagnostic means and patterns of clinical course of gonorrhea. The role of sexually transmitted infections in development of infertility, inflammatory diseases of organs of small pelvis, miscarriage and reproductive losses of poplation is marked.

Chickens productivity selection affects immune system genes.

The quantitative trait loci associated with the immune properties of chickens are of interest from the point of view of obtaining animals resistant to infectious agents using marker-assisted selection. In the process of selecting markers for genomic selection in broiler-type chickens, a non-standard genotype frequency of the RACK1 gene allele (SNP Gga_rs15788101) in the B5 line of broiler-type chicken cross Smena 8 was identified and it was suggested that this gene was involved in selection. Therefore, it was decided to investigate the available polymorphisms in the three genes responsible for the IgY titer (DMA, RACK1 and CD1B). Molecular typing of single nucleotide polymorphisms of three loci revealed an approach to fixation of the unfavorable allele of the DMA gene (SNP Gga_rs15788237), an approach to fixation of the unfavorable allele of the RACK1 gene and the prevalence of the favorable CD1B gene allele (SNP Gga_rs16057130). Analysis of the haplotypes revealed a strong linkage disequilibrium of these genes. This suggests that these genes experience selection pressure. Analysis of the protein-coding sequences of the CD1B and DMA genes of various breeds of chickens revealed a negative selection of these genes. In order to understand whether the fixation of the studied alleles is the result of artificial selection of the B5 line of the cross Smena 8, an analysis of similar loci in layer chickens Hisex White was carried out. The frequencies of the alleles at the loci of the CD1B gene (Gga_rs16057130) and the RACK1 gene (Gga_rs15788101) in the Hisex White chicken genome differ from the frequencies of the alleles obtained for chickens of the B5 line of the cross Smena 8. It can be assumed that the fixation of the allele in the DMA gene (SNP Gga_rs15723) is associated with artificial or natural selection, consistent in broilers and layers. Changes in the loci Gga_rs16057130 and Gga_rs15788101 in the B5 line of the Smena 8 chickens are most likely associated with artificial selection of broiler productivity traits, which can subsequently lead to fixation of alleles at these loci. Artificial breeding of chickens leads to degradation of the variability of genes encoding elements of the immune system, which can cause a decrease in resistance to various diseases. The study of the negative impact of selection of economic traits on immunity should provide means to mitigate negative consequences and help find ways to obtain disease-resistant animals.

Biomonitoring of selected persistent organic pollutants (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs) in Finnish and Russian terrestrial and aquatic animal species.

BACKGROUND: The Finnish and Russian animal species (semi-domesticated reindeer, Finnish wild moose, Baltic grey seal and Baltic herring) samples were biomonitored in terrestrial and aquatic environments for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). RESULTS: Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) was clearly the most contaminated species. The mean PBDE concentration in grey seal was 115 ng/g fat, and the highest WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ (toxic equivalent set by WHO) was 327 pg/g fat. In Finnish, reindeer WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ varied from 0.92 pg/g fat in muscle to 90.8 pg/g fat in liver. WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ in moose liver samples was in the range of 0.7-4.26 pg/g fat, and WHO-PCB-TEQ in the range of 0.42-3.34 pg/g fat. Overall moose had clearly lower PCDD/F and DL-PCB concentrations in their liver than reindeer. CONCLUSIONS: Terrestrial animals generally had low POP concentrations, but in reindeer liver dioxin levels were quite high. All Finnish and Russian reindeer liver samples exceeded the EU maximum level [8] for PCDD/Fs (10 pg/g fat), which is currently set for bovine animals.

[The role of the floodplain gradient in structuring of testate amoebae communities in the Ilych River].

Forty-two testate amoebae taxa were identified in alluvial soils of floodplain islands in the Ilych River. Among the pedo- and eurybionts, there were aquatic rhizopods. Along the floodplain transect (willow --> meadow --> deciduous forest --> coniferous forest), the testate amoebae community changed directly. There are spatially homogeneous (low beta-diversity) testacean communities but species rich on the local level (high alpha-diversity) within forests. Within willows and meadows, communities are characterized by low alpha-diversity and high heterogeneity that leads to high gamma-diversity.

[Enzyme immunoassay for the determination of hexestrol in meat].

An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of hexestrol (HES), an antibiotic forbidden for use in livestock farming, has been developed. Conditions of ELISA have been optimized by varying the concentrations of the coating conjugate (HES-ovalbumin), anti-HES antiserum, casein, and Tween 20. In the absence of Tween 20 in the reaction mixture, the detection limit (IC10) equaled 0.01 ng/ml, IC50 equaled 0.17 ng/ml, and the working range (IC20-IC80) equaled 0.03-0.86 ng/ml, while, in the presence of 0.05% Tween 20, these values equaled 0.05 ng/ml, 2.9 ng/ml, and 0.26-32.0 ng/ml, respectively. Standard deviation of the analysis results did not exceed 5.4%. If ELISA was performed in the absence of detergents, the recovery value upon HES determination in spiked beef samples ranged from 74 to 147%.

[Surgical treatment of fractures of the tibial condyli]. / Operativnoe lechenie oerelomov myshchelkov bol'shebertsovoi kosti.

Problems of diagnosis, choice of the therapeutic tactics, and the results of operative treatment in 23 patients with various fractures of the tibial condyles are analysed. Computed tomography of the knee joint is recommended for precise diagnosis of injuries to the proximal metaepiphysis of the tibia. The authors recommend an operative intervention in any displacement of a condyle (condyles) in patients of mature age and in fractures of a condyle (condyles) without displacement but combined with other intraarticular injuries (to the ligaments, menisci) which are corrected in one-stage with osteosynthesis. The choice of the method for osteosynthesis is determined by the character and direction of the plane of the fracture, and the manipulation may be carried out with AO compression screws or an AO supporting plate on screws. Primary autospongiosoplasty is recommended in all cases of condylar fractures with depression of the articular cartilage. The performance of stable osteosynthesis makes it possible to decline immobilization of the knee joint in the postoperative period even after primary restoration of the collateral ligaments. Study of the late-term results of treatment confirm the expediency of wider introduction of these methods into trauma-tological practice.