[Cicatricial tracheal stenosis. Is prevention possible? A single-region experience]. / Rubtsovyi stenoz trakhei. Vozmozhna li ego profilaktika? Opyt odnogo regiona.

OBJECTIVE: To develop the measures for prevention and treatment of tracheal stenosis in various phases of disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 290 patients who underwent long-term mechanical ventilation between 2006 and 2021. The main causes of previous intensive care with prolonged ventilation were combined trauma and stroke. All patients were divided into two groups. Group I included 149 people who underwent decannulation in a specialized department with further staged endoscopic follow-up. Group II included 141 patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis and no follow-up. All patients underwent endoscopic treatment, tracheal resection and staged reconstructive plastic surgery. RESULTS: In the 1st group, tracheal stenosis occurred in 28 cases (18.8%). Of these, initial (edematous and granulation) stenoses were detected in 17 (60.7%), granulation-fibrous stenoses - in 11 (39.3%) cases. Endoscopic treatment was successful in 24 (85.7%) patients. Four patients with tracheomalacia underwent circular tracheal resections. In the 2nd group, all patients required surgical interventions (circular resections - 71 cases, staged reconstructive plastic surgery - 70 patients). Among 70 patients after reconstructive surgery, 24 (34.2%) ones recovered, and 28 (40%) patients need for cannula. Seventeen (24.2%) patients are unavailable for follow-up, and 1 patient (1.42%) died from concomitant disease. Complications after circular resection occurred in 16 cases (24.6%), postoperative mortality was 2.7%. CONCLUSION: Follow-up after prolonged mechanical ventilation and tracheotomy makes it possible to prevent severe forms of tracheal stenosis and carry out early endoscopic treatment.

[The dynamics of ischemic heart disease and the risk factors among the male population of Moscow in the 1985 to 1995 period]. / Dinamika ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i faktorov riska sredi muzhskogo naseleniia Moskvy za period 1985 po 1995.

The trends in prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and risk factors for 1985-1995 have been studied on random representative samples of male population from Moscow. For the decade studied IHD incidence increased, especially in younger males. Changes in IHD risk factors were the following: systolic and diastolic pressures were on the increase. HDLP cholesterol and total cholesterol in the blood lowered, total triglycerides were unchanged, incidence of smoking remained high.

[Significance of risk factors in the prevalence of ischemic heart disease in men living in different climatic-geographic areas of Russia, the CIS countries and the Baltic states (a cooperative study)]. / Znachenie faktorov riska v rasprostranennosti ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u muzhchin, prozhivaiushchikh v razlichnykh klimato-geograficheskikh zonakh Rossii, stran SNG i Pribaltiiskikh gosudarstv (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

The paper deals with the contribution of risk factors to the spread of coronary heart disease (CHD) among males living in various cities and towns of Russia, CIS countries and Baltic states. The examination of random representative samples of male populations established that risk factors, such as age, arterial hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipoproteinemia, and smoking (p < 0.05), make a significant contribution to the spread of CHD, including acute CHD. Age, arterial hypertension, and body weight (p < 0.01) also make a substantial contribution to the development of CHD. The risk factors play a greater role in the spread of CHD in Tallinn, Alma-Ata, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk than in Moscow and Ufa, but in the spread of acute CHD in Tallinn, Kaunas, Ufa, and Alma-Ata than in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

[The epidemiology of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their combination among the male population in the cities of different regions of the CIS Nations and Baltic states. A cooperative study]. / Epidemiologiia faktorov riska serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii i ikh kombinatsii sredi muzhskogo naseleniia v gorodakh razlichnykh regionov SNG i pribaltiiskikh gosudarstv. Kooperativnoe issledovanie.

The prevalence of risk factors (RF) to develop cardiovascular disorders alone and in combination has been studied in males aged 20-54 differing by occupation and education. They lived in various cities of CIS and Baltic States. It was established that RF alone and in combination are common among the male population. The risk is the highest in the group of males engaged in hard physical labour (p < 0.05) and in low-education subjects. In subjects with higher education RF are the lowest. RF alone and in combination proved higher in Europeans and Siberians compared to males living in the Central Asia.

[The comparative characteristics of the distribution of the lipid component of the blood and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in men 20-54 years old in the cities of the CIS Nations and Estonia (a cooperative study)]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika raspredeleniia lipidnogo sostava krovi i rasprostranennost' giperkholesterinemii u muzhchin 20--54 let v nekotorykh gorodakh SNG i Estonii (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

A comparative study of hypercholesterolemia and lipid distribution in males aged 20-54 randomly selected in one of the districts of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Kiev, Novosibirsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata and Bishkek has been performed. A comparative interpopulation analysis involved mean values of blood lipid spectrum: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLPC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLPC). TC, TG, LDLPC in blood were higher in European region and Siberia than in Middle Asia populations. These findings correlated with hypercholesterolemia prevalence. An average of 50% of European population studied need preventive treatment for hypercholesterolemia.

[Epidemiology of ischemic heart disease as related to the main risk factors among the male population in various Soviet cities (a cooperative study)]. / Epidemiologiia ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i ee sviaz' osnovnymi faktorami riska sredi muzhskogo naseleniia v nekotorykh gorodakh SSSR (kooperativnoe issledovnaie).

A study was made of the prevalence of coronary heart disease, risk factors (arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-alpha-cholesterolemia, overweight, tobacco-smoking) and of the relation of coronary heart disease to the risk factors in men aged 20 to 39 years and 40 to 54 years, living in 8 cities of the USSR. The study was carried out on material of random representative samples. It has been established that the prevalence of coronary heart disease and risk factors is bigger among the populations living in the European part of the USSR and Siberia, being lower among the populations of Central Asia. The relationship between coronary heart disease and the risk factors is pronounced to a greater measure in arterial hypertension and overweight and to a less degree in other conditions. Besides, the relation of coronary heart disease to the risk factors is marked to a much greater measure among men belonging to the senior age groups.

[Comparative characteristics of nutrition of the male population in some cities of the USSR (a cooperative study)]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika pitaniia muzhskogo naseleniia v nekotorykh gorodakh SSSR (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

The state of nutrition was studied in men of varying age groups (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-54 years) living in different cities of the USSR. The standard method of food ration "daily reproduction" was used to investigate 25% of representative subsample in each age group. It has been found that the daily ration of men living in the European part of the USSR (Moscow, Kiev, Tallinn) is characterized by a rather high caloric value and by a significant imbalance in the consumption of the main food substances.

[Comparative characteristics of the incidence of ischemic heart disease and its risk factors among men and women aged 20-69 years (epidemiological study)]. / Sravnite'lnaia kharakteristika rasprostranennosti faktorov riska i ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u muzhchin i zhenshchin 20-69 let (Tepidemiologicheskoe issledovanie).

The study was undertaken to examine a random representative sample from the nonorganized male and female population from on of the Moscow districts. The survey covered 1238 males and 1241 females; the response-rate was 71% and 74%, respectively. Routine epidemiological tools and consistent criteria for their assessment were applied to the survey of the population. The authors examined the following risk factors: arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoalphacholesterolemia, and cigarette smoking in relation to a particular CHD: acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, etc.

[Incidence of ischemic heart disease in relation to major risk factors among Moscow male residents aged 20-29 years]. / Rasprostranennost' ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa v sviazi s osnovnymi faktorami riska sredi muzhchin 20-29 let Moskvy.

A representative random sample of 3,308 male residents aged 20-59 years from a Moscow district was examined. Only 74% of them participated in the study. Routine epidemiological methods were used to identify various forms of coronary heart disease (CHD). The prevalence of CHD was 9.7% in the population with the incidence of definite CHD of 5% and possible CHD of 4.6%. The prevalence of CHD was significantly associated with age, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoalphacholesterolemia, and obesity. The findings should be borne in mind while planning preventive measures in the population of working age.

[Mean values and distribution of the blood lipid level in men and women aged 20 to 69 (an epidemiological study)]. / Srednie znacheniia i raspredelenie urovnia lipidov v plazme krovi u muzhchin i zhenshchin v vozraste 20--69 let (épidemiologicheskoe issledovanie).

The mean values of blood plasma lipids were studied in two age groups (20 to 29 years and 60 to 69 years) from a randomized sample of 1238 men and 1247 women. The levels of the total cholesterol, alpha-cholesterol and Tg were studied and compared according to the mean values in each age group. The cut-off points of percentile distribution of the upper 10% for the total cholesterol and the magnitude of the lower 10% decile for alpha-cholesterol were determined.

[Role of blood insulin in the etiology of dyslipoproteinemias and ischemic heart disease in males aged 20-69 years]. / Znachenie urovnia insulinemii v rasprostranennosti dislipoproteidemii i ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u muzhchin 20-69 let.

A random sample of males aged 20-69 years and living in one of the administrative districts of Moscow was studied. The total number of those enrolled was 1225, and they were studied for the incidence of dyslipoproteinemias and coronary heart disease (CHD) in relation to the level of glycemia, basal insulinemia, diabetes mellitus or impaired tolerance to glucose. It was shown that the effect of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism is largely determined by the level of insulinemia and is mediated through the development of dyslipoproteinemias. The prevalence of CHD without dyslipoproteinemias as well as in combination with arterial hypertension or an excessive body weight did not depend on the level of glycemia and baseline insulinemia or the presence of diabetes mellitus. Hyperinsulinemia was found to be associated with types of dyslipoproteinemias most unfavourable in terms of CHD development.

[Comparative determination of cellular reactivity during infection with influenza virus A (H3N2)]. / Sravnitel'noe opredelenie kletochnoi reaktivnosti pri infektsii virusom grippa A (G3N2)

Among 28 strains of influenza A (H3N2) virus isolated from human patients 3 strains were found to be capable of replication in continuous monkey kidney cell cultures. When cells of different origins (PPO, chick embryo chorioallantio membrane, human nasal mucosa) were infected with the virus or when PPO were infected with allantoic or cultural virus strains, the pathological changes were of the same type. No specific inclusions were found in the cells. Adaptation of the virus to PPO cells resulted in inhibition of its hemagglutinating, neuraminidase and interferon-inducing activity and in decrease of thermostability, but the infectious and antgenic properties were retained unchanged.