RESUMO
To encourage people to save energy, subcompact cars have several benefits of discount on parking or toll road charge. However, manual classification of the subcompact car is highly labor intensive. To solve this problem, automatic vehicle classification systems are good candidates. Since a general pattern-based classification technique can not successfully recognize the ambiguous features of a vehicle, we present a new multi-resolution convolutional neural network (CNN) and stochastic orthogonal learning method to train the network. We first extract the region of a bonnet in the vehicle image. Next, both extracted and input image are engaged to low and high resolution layers in the CNN model. The proposed network is then optimized based on stochastic orthogonality. We also built a novel subcompact vehicle dataset that will be open for a public use. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in term of accuracy, which means that the proposed method can efficiently classify the ambiguous features between subcompact and non-subcompact vehicles.
RESUMO
Transforming growth factor ß (TGFß) ligands, including TGFß1, are multifunctional cytokines known as key regulators of cell growth, differentiation and inflammation. Dysregulated TGFß signaling is common in numerous solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Previously, TGFß ligands were also reported to be associated with an enhancement of stemness in glioma stem-like cells. However, their role in HNSCC cancer stem cells (CSCs) has not been explored. The present study demonstrated that TGFß1 enriches the properties of HNSCC CSCs. TGFß1 promoted sphere formation and increased stemness-associated gene expression (Oct4 and Sox2) of primary HNSCC CSCs. Additionally, the population of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive cells was increased subsequent to exogenous treatment of cells with TGFß1. In addition, following stimulation with TGFß1, the cells exhibited more resistance to cisplatin and elevated expression of Twist, Snail and Slug. Mechanistically, TGFß1 acts as an upstream stimulator of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Collectively, the present findings provide insights toward the development of TGFß1 signaling inhibition strategies for treating HNSCC CSCs.
RESUMO
The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is high in the oropharyngeal mucosal regions, of which the tonsil is the most commonly affected. There may be a link between HPV and the pathogenesis of tonsillar cancer (TC), because of common anatomical characteristics between cervical and tonsillar cancer. We aimed to clarify whether HPV directly affects the oncogenesis and biologic behavior of TC by making a comparison between infection prevalence, physical status and viral loading numbers, and clinicopathologic prognostic factors. To compare HPV-related molecules between TC and tonsillitis (CFT), p16, survivin, HIF-1alpha, skp-1, cyclin A, cyclin B1, c-myc and EGFR were investigated. We observed a significant difference in HPV prevalence between 52 TCs and 69 CFTs (73.1% vs. 11.6%), and most of the HPVs were type 16 (87.2%) and nonepisomal (94.1%). Most TCs associated with HPV arose from the tonsillar crypts, and tended to be inverted and poorly differentiated. Compared with HPV-negative TC, HPV-positive TC showed a strong association with p16 overexpression (p<0.0001), and an inverse association with EGFR amplification (p=0.0478). HPV-16 integration status was strongly associated with c-myc amplification (p=0.034) and HIF-1alpha overexpression (p=0.022). HPV-16 integration could be directly related to tonsillar carcinogenesis initially in tonsillar crypts, followed by cell cycle aberration such as p16 overexpression related to the G1-S phase.
