[The clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of the stomatological manifestations of Sjögren's disease]. / Klinika, diagnostika i lechenie stomatologicheskikh proiavlenii bolezni Shegrena.

Eighty-three patients with Sjogren's disease, 23 with chronic parotitis and periodontitis, 325 controls were examined by general clinical, dental, X-ray, microbiological, immunological, and morphological methods. A clinico-pathogenetic analysis of dental manifestations of Sjogren's disease was carried out: atrophy and inflammatory process in the buccal mucosa, multiple caries. A pathogenetically based program of therapeutic and prophylactic measures making use of encad, bensilol, bensilol+trimecain is suggested for patients with Sjogren's disease.

[Morphology of the minor salivary glands in Sjogren's disease]. / Morfologiia malykh sliunnykh zhelez pri bolezni Shegrena.

Histochemical, immunohistochemical and histomorphometrical changes in sialadenitis have been studied on 33 biopsies of labial salivary glands (LSG) from patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. The control group consisted of 10 biopsies from persons without oral cavity inflammatory diseases. A direct relation was established between xerostomia stage and the degree of LSG parenchyma substitution for the inflammatory cell infiltrate. Dependence of LSG tissue damage on local immunopathologic reaction was detected. With a highly active inflammatory reaction the changes were characterized by cellular hypersensitivity including inflammatory cell infiltrate (T-lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils), increased vascular permeability, destructive and proliferative changes of the intralobular ductuli and acini. Reduction in inflammatory activity was accompanied by a decrease in the number of macrophages and neutrophils, an increase in the number of plasma cells and mast cells, higher compensatory hypertrophy of the serous cells of semicircular mixed acini, secretion products status, as well as intralobular sclerosis and lipomatosis.

[The pathogenesis of small-plaque parapsoriasis]. / O patogeneze melkobliashechnogo parapsoriaza.

The paper deals with the origin of parapsoriasis nodularis, which in its micronodular variant belongs to chronic dermatosis and has a clear-cut clinical and histological appearance. The disease arises most frequently after stress and occurs for the most part in middle-aged males. The leading role in pathogenesis of parapsoriasis nodularis is played by cellular immunity as indicated by reduced count of T-lymphocytes, active T-lymphocytes as well as the emergence of delayed hypersensitivity.

[Morphology of changes in bronchial vessels in chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs and their role in the development of pulmonary hypertension]. / Morfologiia izmenenii bronkhial'nykh sosudov pri khronicheskikh vospalitel'nykh zabolevaniiakh legkikh i ikh rol' v razvitii legochnoi gipertenzii.

Histologic and morphometric examination comprised surgical and autopsy material of 20 patients with bronchiectatic disease and 14 patients with chronic bronchitis, respectively. The control group consisted of 14 autopsy follow-ups of the lungs of subjects who had neither pulmonary diseases nor heart defects. Structural reorganization of the lungs in both diseases was characterized by enlargement of the middle and inner coats of arteries, hyperplasia of their inner elastic membrane and hypertrophy of the middle coat of veins. Changes mainly developed on the level of the subsegmental bronchi and bronchiectases. A direct correlation was seen between the degree of hypertrophy of the walls of bronchial vessels and those of the pulmonary artery. Participation of bronchopulmonary shunting in the development of lung hypertension is discussed.

[Age-related changes in the secretory function of the salivary glands]. / Vozrastnye izmeneniia sekretornoi funktsii sliunnykh zhelez.

A total of 326 healthy subjects aged 21 to 80 were examined. Total sialometry without stimulation and that stimulated with supermint chewing gum was carried out. Mixed salivary secretion in health was found to make up approximately 3.4 ml in 10 min. Salivary secretion stimulation with the chewing gum enhanced this secretion 1.5-3 times. Salivary secretion was found to decrease with age. The maximal secretion levels were found in both men and women aged 21 to 30, being higher in men. Normal values of mixed salivary secretion of men and women can be estimated according to the following formulae: for men it is equal to [-0.09(X-25) +5.71] ml, for women to [-0.06(X-25) +4.22] ml, where X is the subject's age in years.

[Local defense mechanisms in chronic nonspecific pulmonary inflammation]. / Mestnye mekhanizmy zashchity pri khronicheskom nespetsificheskom vospalenii v legkikh.

The mechanisms of non-immune and immune injuries in chronic nonspecific lung inflammation are analysed on the basis of authors' research and literature. The data given concern the changes of the bronchial mucociliary transport system, incomplete functions of alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in chronic inflammatory foci, increase in the number of intra- and extracellular bacteria, metabolism of lung phagocytes in different chronic inflammatory lung diseases. The urgency of lung phagocyte and lymphocyte investigation both in specific cellular and humoral immune reactions, as well as in realization of immunopathologic mechanisms developing in chronic inflammation is emphasized.

[Dynamics of local defensive reactions in the lungs in acute experimental inflammatory process induced by respiratory syncytial virus]. / Dinamika mestnykh zashchitnykh reaktsii v legkikh pri ostrom éksperimental'nom vospalitel'nom protsesse, vyzvannom respiratorno-sintsitial'nym virusom.

Study has been made of broncho-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), the number and functional activity of lung phagocytes, with 42 mice BALB/c, induced by respiratory-syncytial virus. With virus inflammation a decreased number of lung macrophages, their stronger attraction and increased lung chemotaxis have been observed. The addition of bacterial infection was accompanied by an increase in lung neutrophil, lymphocyte and macrophage, a decrease in lung neutrophil chemotaxis, an increase in macrophage phagocytosis and BALT hyperplasia.

[Morphologic lung changes in a female patient with Zivert-Kartagener's syndrome]. / Morfologicheskie izmeneniia v legkikh u bol'noi s sindromom Ziverta-Kartagenera.

Histologic and ultrastructural pulmonary changes in a female with a classical Zivert-Kartagener's syndrome are described. Congenital anomalies of the columnar epithelium brushes as well as defects acquired in the process of inflammation (decreased number and various length of bruches with their orientation disturbances, additional doublets and the lack of basal bodies) were revealed at transmission and scanning microscopy level. Follicular bronchiectasis, chronic pneumonia, dystelectasies, emphysema result from the mucociliary clearance disturbance and are of an acquired nature.

[Dynamics of the cytologic and bacterioscopic changes in bronchoalveolar washings in acute focal pneumonia]. / Dinamika tsitologicheskikh i bakterioskopicheskikh izmenenii v bronkhoal'veoliarnom smyve pri ostroi ochagovoi pnevmonii.

The authors analyze cytologic and bacterioscopic changes in bronchoalveolar washings in 37 patients with acute focal pneumonia on days 4 through 44 of the disease. Bronchoalveolar washings obtained from 11 subjects without pulmonary conditions were examined for control. Immunofluorescent examination of brush biopsy specimens of the bronchial epithelium from 4 patients, taken at the peak of pneumonia, has revealed respiratory viruses antigens. The highest numbers of free bacterial colonies and intracellular bacteria were detectable also at the peak of pneumonia. In contrast to reference specimens, patients' bronchoalveolar washings were characterized by elevated absolute counts of the neutrophils, bronchoepitheliocytes, and destroyed cells during the peak and regress of the disease. During convalescence these cell counts were essentially reducing though persisting significantly elevated as against the control. Absolute counts of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar washings were virtually unchanged over the course of the disease. The authors claim that the cytologic and bacterioscopic characteristics of bronchoalveolar washings objectively and fully reflect the activity of the inflammatory reaction in the lungs.

[Functional activity of the neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar space in chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' neitrofilov bronkhoal'veoliarnogo prostranstva pri khronicheskom bronkhite i bronkhoéktaticheskoi bolezni.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils were studied by the cytologic methods in 58 patients with chronic bronchitis, 63 ones with bronchiectasis, and 8 normal controls. The study included cytospectrophotometry of myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activity and estimation of active oxygen-producing cells in the NBT test. Neutrophilic functional activity was different in the patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis. Neutrophilic myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activities were lower in the patients with chronic bronchitis than in those with bronchiectasis, whereas the counts of cells active in the NBT test were low in both patient populations.

[Structural-functional characteristics of phagocytes in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in acute focal pneumonia]. / Strukturno-funktsional'naia kharakteristika fagotsitov bronkhoal'veoliarnykh smyvov pri ostroi ochagovoi pnevmonii.

The alveolar macrophages and neutrophils of the bronchoalveolar fluid from 37 patients with acute focal pneumonia were studied cytochemically. A comparison group consisted of 20 patients with primary chronic bronchitis, 11 subjects without pulmonary affections served control. Phagocytes with a high motile, oxygen-dependent bactericidal and hydrolytic activity as well as with increased level of absorptive capacity prevailed during the peak of the disease and its regression. At the phase of convalescence the number of phagocytes with a high oxygen-dependent bactericidal and hydrolytic activity decreased but their high absorptive activity was retained.

[Changes in the lesser circulation vessels in chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. / Izmeneniia sosudov malogo kruga krovoobrashcheniia pri khronicheskikh nespetsificheskikh zabolevaniiakh legkikh.

Clinicomorphological study of the pulmonary circulation vessels was performed in 20 patients with bronchiectatic disease without right ventricle hypertrophy and in 14 patients with chronic bronchitis complicated with pulmonary heart. Pathology data of persons dying from diseases other than vitium cordis and lung diseases were used as control. Morphological signs of pulmonary hypertension are found in all cases of chronic nonspecific lung diseases. The most pronounced changes develop in the vascular segment starting from arterioles and up to the arteries of muscle type with the diameter of 400 microns. The dependence of the pulmonary arteries changes on the type of lung disease is established. Pathological changes in the walls of the pulmonary circulation vessels, in parallel with pronounced compensatory alterations, are found in cases complicated with pulmonary heart.

[Morphology of the thymus gland in children with myasthenia gravis]. / Morfologiia vilochkovoi zhelezy pri miastenii u detei.

Thymus excised from 68 patients suffering from juvenile myasthenia was subjected to histological, histochemical and electron microscopy studies. The changes in the thymus involved hyperplastic immune response in the form of lymphoid follicles with the germinal centers and focal plasmocytic infiltration. In myasthenia, the permanent characteristic of the thymus was activation of epithelial cells and Hassal bodies. A direct relationship was discovered between the efficacy of thymectomy and intensity of hyperplasia of the glandular lobules of the thymus. The lobule number of lymphoid follicles with the germinal centers did not affect the results of the surgical treatment of patients suffering from myasthenia.

[The cytological characteristics of bronchoalveolar washings in chronic bronchitis]. / Tsitologicheskaia kharakteristika bronkhoal'veoliarnykh smyvov pri khronicheskom bronkhite.

Bronchoalveolar washings (BAWs) from 30 patients with nonobstructive chronic bronchitis (CB) were examined cytologically. On the basis of the taxonomic analysis of the data on the cytological examination of the BAWs, all the observations were classified as belonging to degrees I, II and III of the cytological activity of the inflammatory process in the lungs. It was revealed that the minimal degree of the activity of the inflammatory process was characterized by a marked increase in the relative numbers of the cells of the desquamated cylindrical epithelium and destroyed cells along with a significant decrease in the proportion of macrophages and an increase in the relative count of neutrophils. The increased activity of the inflammatory process in the lungs was accompanied by a progressing increase in the proportion of neutrophils and a decrease in the relative count of macrophages and the cells of the cylindrical epithelium. Clinico-cytological analysis of the observations was also performed. The most complete and objective estimation of the degree of the inflammatory process activity in the lungs in the patients with CB was provided by the cytological indices of the BAWs.

[Clinical and morphologic parallels in children with rheumatoid mono- and oligoarthritis]. / Kliniko-morfologicheskie paralleli pri revmatoidnom mono- i oligoartrite u detei.

Altogether 88 children with rheumatoid arthritis were examined. Of these, 36 patients were with an injury to one articulation and 52 with an injury to one to three articulations. The clinical features of the articulation syndrome, the data obtained as a result of studying synovial fluid and of the morphological picture of synovial biopsy specimens made it possible to denote rheumatoid mono- and oligoarthritis in children as benign varieties of the disease with primarily local (in articulations) inflammatory process. The difference found was only qualitative as regards the intensity of the clinico-laboratory signs (more pronounced in patients suffering from oligoarthritis). This fact provides basis for making the diagnosis of monoarticular or oligoarticular rheumatoid arthritis.

[Morphology and pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis]. / Morfologiia i patogenez khronicheskogo bronkhita.

Histologic and ultrastructural features of the chronic catarrhal bronchitis are presented and its pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. An important role in the development of bronchitis of the mucociliary transport system damage, retention of the mucus and bacterial contamination of the respiratory tract is analysed. Current hypothesis of the chronic bronchitis development based on the disturbance of the protease-antiprotease and oxidative-antioxidative balance is presented. The data on the role of the specific and non-specific local immune mechanisms of the lung defence in the development of the exacerbations are given.