IRAP and REMAP assessments of genetic similarity in rice.

Rice is a model genome for cereal research, providing important information about genome structure and evolution. Retrotransposons are common components of grass genomes, showing activity at transcription, translation and integration levels. Their abundance and ability to transpose make them good potential markers. In this study, we used 2 multilocus PCR-based techniques that detect retrotransposon integration events in the genome: IRAP (inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism) and REMAP (retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism). Markers derived from Tos17, a copia-like endogenous retrotransposon of rice, were used to identify genetic similarity among 51 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Genetic similarity analysis was performed by means of the Dice coefficient, and dendrograms were developed by using the average linkage distance method. A cophenetic correlation coefficient was also calculated. The clustering techniques revealed a good adjustment between matrices, with correlation coefficients of 0.74 and 0.80, or lower (0.21) but still significant, between IRAP and REMAP-based techniques. Consistent clusters were found for Japanese genotypes, while a subgroup clustered the irrigated Brazilian genotypes.

Análise da estrutura e diversidade molecular de populações de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) associadas às culturas de milho e arroz no Rio Grande do Sul / Analysis of the molecular structure and diversity of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations associated to the corn and rice crops in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a estrutura e a diversidade molecular de quatro populações de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) associadas às culturas de milho e arroz no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas lagartas de quatro populações em áreas isoladas (distanciadas em mais de 300 km) nos municípios de Santa Rosa (milho) e Uruguaiana (arroz irrigado) e em áreas adjacentes, no município de Pelotas (milho e arroz irrigado). A análise de 40 lagartas (10 de cada população), com cinco combinações de oligonucleotídios iniciadores geraram o total de 241 locos, dentre os quais 229 (95 por cento) foram polimórficos. O dendrograma gerado pelo método de agrupamento UPGMA, baseado na matriz de similaridade de Dice, mostrou sobreposições entre as lagartas das populações estudadas. Os índices de diversidade evidenciaram que 88 por cento da diversidade genética foi observada dentro das populações e 12 por cento entre as populações de S. frugiperda. O dendrograma gerado pelo método de agrupamento UPGMA, baseado na matriz de dissimilaridade das distâncias euclidianas, evidenciou a existência de uma diferenciação entre as populações de acordo com a planta hospedeira, sendo os locos 42 e 47 (M-CTG/E-ACC) capazes de detectar 100 por cento das diferenças genéticas. Esses resultados sugerem que a variação genética das populações de S. frugiperda está associada às plantas hospedeiras, confirmando a presença dos biótipos "milho" e "arroz" de S. frugiperda no Rio Grande do Sul.

The goal of this work was to analyze the molecular structure and diversity of four Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) populations associated to the corn and rice crops in Rio Grande do Sul State. Four populations of caterpillars were collected from distinct areas (more than 300 km apart), from the counties of Santa Rosa (corn) and Uruguaiana (irrigated rice), and in adjacent areas in Pelotas county (corn and irrigated rice). The analysis of 40 caterpillars (10 from each population), with five combinations of primers generated a total of 241 loci, among then 229 (95 percent) were polymorphic. The dendrogram generated by the clustering method UPGMA, based on the Dice similarity matrix, showed overlappings among the studied populations. The diversity indexes evidenced that 88 percent of the genetic diversity was observed within populations and 12 percent between S. frugiperda populations. The dendrogram generated by clustering UPGMA method, based on the dissimilarity matrix from the euclydean distances, evidenced the existence of a differentiation among populations according to the host plant, being the loci 42 and 47 (M-CTG/E-ACC) capable of detecting 100 percent of the genetic differences. These results showed that the genetic variation of S. frugiperda populations is associated to host plants, confirming the presence of the "corn" and "rice" biotypes of S. frugiperda in Rio Grande do Sul State.