Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of depression complicating Alzheimer's disease: initial results from the Depression in Alzheimer's Disease study.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of sertraline in the treatment of major depression in 22 outpatients with Alzheimer's disease. METHOD: Twelve of the 22 patients were given sertraline and 10 were given placebo by random group assignment for 12 weeks. Response to treatment was measured by using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. The patients were also assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the activities of daily living subscale of the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scales, and the Mini-Mental State. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment, nine of the patients given sertraline and two of those given placebo were at least partial responders. Patients given sertraline had significantly greater mean declines from baseline in Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia scores; the bulk of antidepressant response occurred by the third week of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Sertraline is superior to placebo in reducing depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease who also suffer from major depression.

Relationship of cognitive and functional impairment to depressive features in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.

Patients with clinical diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or undifferentiated dementia were rated on standardized measures of depression, cognitive impairment, and functional impairment. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between functional or cognitive impairment, as well as their interaction, and depressive features in each group. This analysis revealed notable differences by type of dementia. The results imply that the mechanisms underlying depression in Alzheimer's disease may be different from those in vascular and other types of dementia. These results also provide indicators to the clinician for further evaluation of depression in different dementia subtypes.

Depression, delusions, and hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease: no relationship to apolipoprotein E genotype.

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) locus on chromosome 19 has been shown to modify risk, and age at onset, of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors hypothesized that the phenotypic expression of different psychiatric symptoms in patients with AD would be associated with variability in APOE locus. Neuropsychiatric and genetic testing of 120 probable AD patients revealed 28% had major depression, 17% had minor depression, 30% had delusions, and 14% had hallucinations; 69% were carriers of at least one APOE E4 allele (14% homozygous E4/E4, 49% heterozygous E3/E4, 6% heterozygous E2/E4, 29% homozygous E3/E3, 2% heterozygous E2/E3). Prevalence of the various psychiatric disturbances did not differ significantly in AD patients with different APOE genotypes. Apolipoprotein E does not appear to modify the risk of developing AD-associated psychiatric symptomatology.

Major and minor depression in Alzheimer's disease: prevalence and impact.

One hundred nine outpatients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were neuropsychiatrically evaluated and rated on standardized measures of depression, activities of daily living (ADL), nonmood behavioral disturbance, and burdensome events such as serious wandering, falls, and accidents. Distribution of depression scores revealed three patient groups: very few depressive symptoms (51%), minor depression (27%), and major depression (22%). Major depression was associated with substantially greater impairment in ADL, worse nonmood behavioral disturbance (such as aggression), and more frequent serious wandering, even after adjusting for severity of dementia or comorbid health problems. Minor depression was also associated with nonmood behavioral disturbance and wandering. The authors conclude that both major and minor depression are common in AD and produce considerable mood and nonmood morbidity affecting both patients and caregivers. Efforts are warranted to identify and treat depression in AD.