The role of blood pressure, cortisol, and prolactin among soldiers injured in the 1991-1993 war in Croatia.

Ninety soldiers with at least three months of combat exposure--60 injured soldiers (30 with permanent disabling and 30 with nondisabling injuries), 30 noninjured soldiers and 30 healthy controls--were interviewed and investigated with physiological (Prolactine, Cortisol, BP, Hb) and psychological tests (MMPI), IES-15 (Impact of Event Scale), PTSS (Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale). Their war related injuries had a different effect on the physiological stress response of the soldiers as reflected in the levels of prolactine, cortisol, hemoglobin and blood pressure. In a report of personality characteristics of the same soldiers, we demonstrated that the experience of posttraumatic stress was not dependent upon physical injury, but rather on the psychological appraisal of the situation. The results of the present article confirm earlier findings that the relationship between physiological and psychological consequences of trauma are complex, and that the perception of an event and the social context within which the traumatized soldier exists is as important as the event itself. The physiological response to the trauma varied greatly among the soldiers regarding the psychosocial impact of the consequence of the injury. So the anticipation of future possible trauma among less severely wounded soldiers (expected to go back to war) was followed by pathological stress responses. Trauma seems to operate somewhat independently from the overt conscious appraisal of the situation and relationship between psychological, psychosocial, and physiological aspects are interrelated in a multifactorial way. An integrative approach is therefore of great importance in assessment as well as in treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

The effect of different traumatic experiences on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder.

This investigation was conducted during the war in Croatia from 1991 to 1993. General characteristics, traumas, and frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were compared in three groups of soldiers: (1) soldiers who sustained non-disabling injuries; (2) soldiers who sustained permanently disabling injuries; (3) active soldiers (controls). Significant differences were found in general characteristics and in PTSD in the groups observed. Both groups of wounded soldiers were significantly younger (mean of 8 years), fewer of them were married, and they had fewer children than active soldiers (controls). The differences in marital status and the number of children were obviously due to the age difference. Soldiers who sustained non-disabling injuries developed PTSD significantly more often than soldiers who sustained permanently disabling injuries and active soldiers (controls). Possible reasons for the differences of PTSD in compared groups of soldiers are discussed.