RESUMO
The number and types of executive and graduate-level management programs for physicians have exploded in recent years. These programs take on a variety of formats, ranging from executive seminars to master's-level degree programs. Options for physicians obtaining the master's degree tend to be either regionally based programs in traditional evening classes or nationally based programs that combine executive education formats with distance education. This paper examines a nationally based program - the Master of Medical Management (MMM) - from the perspectives of an administrator and a graduate of the program. It offers reasons for the growth of similar programs and data from students enrolled in the Carnegie Mellon University MMM program. The paper also examines educational outcomes in the form of behavioral competencies that the physicians acquired in the program. It concludes with reflections on the future of the MMM and related programs for physician executives in the 21st century.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação/organização & administração , Administração de Serviços de Saúde , Modelos Educacionais , Diretores Médicos/educação , Currículo , Educação a Distância , Pennsylvania , Diretores Médicos/normas , Competência Profissional , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The child's fear of injections coupled with the concern that the psychologic advantage of intramuscular premedication may be all or in part negated by the trauma of injections prompted the authors to seek an oral preanesthetic medication to safely and reliably replace injections. The authors describe the results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing the pharmacologic effects of oral versus injectable preanesthetic medication in 67 healthy pediatric inpatients older than 1 yr. Children given the oral medication (meperidine 3.0 mg/kg, pentobarbital 4.0 mg/kg) were significantly more drowsy in the holding area (P less than 0.001) and more cooperative at the time of induction of anesthesia (P less than 0.01) than the children given intramuscular medication (morphine 0.1 mg/kg, pentobarbital 4.0 mg/kg). There were no other differences between the two groups. These data demonstrate that oral preanesthetic medication can be as or more effective compared with intramuscular medication in producing the desired effects without adverse side effects. As a result of this study, the benefits of preanesthetic medication can now be achieved in nearly all surgical patients without injections.
