Oral manifestations of nine individuals with Williams syndrome. A case series.

AIMS: Williams syndrome (WS) is a congenital developmental disorder characterized, mainly, by distinctive facial features, cardiovascular anomalies, growth delay and a typical neurobehavioral profile. The oral manifestations have not been sufficiently described and, therefore, the aim of the current study was to present the clinical, radiographic and microbiological findings of individuals with WS. METHODS AND RESULTS: A series of nine WS individuals (seven females) with mean age 21 years-old were evaluated. A complete intraoral clinical examination, a radiographic analysis using panoramic and cephalometric x-ray and a supra- and sub-gingival microbiological profiling were performed. We observed abnormal tooth morphology, excessive interdental spacing, congenitally missing permanent teeth and malocclusion. High levels of DMFT were observed and gingivitis was present in all subjects. Bacteria related to periodontal disease were detected in dental plaque. Three patients were classified with a gingival phenotype type I according to the Maynard and Wilson classification. The sella turcica bridging was a novel finding for this group of patients. CONCLUSION: Due to the elevated prevalence of gingivitis, caries and malocclusion, a multidisciplinary approach including dental follow-ups should be the standard of care in WS patients.

An update of the evidence on the potential impact of periodontal therapy on diabetes outcomes.

AIM: To provide an update of the systematic review by Engebretson and Kocher J Clin Periodontol. 2013 Apr;40 Suppl 14:S153 on the effect of periodontal therapy on glycaemic control of people with diabetes. METHODS: PubMed Literature search restricted to meta-analyses published from 2013 to the present was conducted. The search resulted in seven meta-analyses of RCTs. RESULTS: Reduction in HbA1c at 3-4 months was reported in all reviews for the treatment group ranging from -0.27% (95% CI: -0.46, -0.07, p = .007) to -1.03% (95% CI: 0.36, -1.70, p = 0.003). At 6 months post-treatment, an HbA1c reduction ranging from -0.02 (95% CI: -0.20, -0.16, p = .84) to -1.18% (95% CI: 0.72%, 1.64%, p < 0.001) was reported. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The magnitude of the reduction in HbA1c, which is found to be associated with non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with diabetes, seems to have clinically significant effects on systemic health, and thus should have a place in the treatment of diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal treatment (SRP) results in a statistically significant reduction in HbA1C levels at 3 months, with a lower reduction at 6 months.

Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on C-reactive protein, oxidative stress, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: It is well accepted that glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is affected by systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The effect of periodontal therapy on these systemic factors may be related to improvement on glycemic status. The aim of the present study is to assess over a period of 6 months the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), d-8-iso prostaglandin F2a (d-8-iso) as a marker of oxidative stress, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 on patients with type 2 DM. METHODS: Sixty participants with type 2 DM and moderate to severe periodontal disease were randomized into intervention (IG) and control (CG) groups. IG received scaling and root planing, whereas CG received supragingival cleaning at baseline and scaling and root planing at 6 months. Participants of both groups were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months. Periodontal data recorded at each visit included probing depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, and gingival index. Blood was collected at each visit for the assay of serum glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1c), hsCRP, d-8-iso, MMP-2, and MMP-9. RESULTS: Although there was a trend to a reduction in hsCRP, d-8-iso and MMP-9 it did not reach statistical significance. MMP-2 levels remained unchanged after periodontal treatment. CONCLUSION: Effective non-surgical periodontal treatment of participants with type 2 DM and moderate to severe periodontal disease improved significantly A1c levels but did not result in a statistically significant improvement in hsCRP, d-8-iso, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels.

A randomized, controlled trial on the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Part I: effect on periodontal status and glycaemic control.

AIM: the purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on glycaemic control of type 2 diabetes patients with moderate-to-severe periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this was a randomized, controlled clinical trial of patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 60 patients with moderate-to-severe periodontal disease were assigned to either a periodontal treatment arm, consisting of scaling and root planing (intervention group [IG]), or a delayed treatment arm that received periodontal care after 6 months (control group [CG]). Periodontal parameters and glycosylated haemoglobin (A1C) were evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: all periodontal parameters improved significantly in the IG. A1C levels decreased statistically significantly more in the IG versus the CG (0.72%versus 0.13%; p<0.01) independently of other confounders. CONCLUSIONS: this study provides evidence that periodontal treatment contributes to improved glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Larger controlled trials are needed to confirm if this finding is generalizable to other populations of patients with type 2 diabetes.