[The effect of moderate altitude on the maintenance of a good health status and high physical work capacity in cosmonauts over the course of a long period of time]. / Vliianie srednegor'ia na sokhranenie khoroshego sostoianiia zdorov'ia i vysokoi fizicheskoi rabotosposobnosti kosmonavtov v techenii dlitel'nogo vremeni.

The development of the methods to maintain good health and high performance and occupational longevity of cosmonauts is an urgent problem. For this end, an effect of periodic (1-2 times a year) training in mid-lands on working and functional capacities of cosmonauts being members of cosmonauts corps for extended periods of time (20 years) was studied; the results of 40 trainings in mid-lands at 1,600 to 2,400 m above sea level are summarized. Before, during and after training, the physiological and physical parameters of the body (BP after Korotkoff, HR, VO2max) during exercise bicycle ergometer tests as well as the time of running on treadmill at a rate of 4.5 m/s to failure have been examined. The experimental findings indicated that after terminating physical training in mid-lands the major group of test subjects exhibited a significant decrease in HR as compared to the control value. During acclimatization, the arterial pressure (systolic and diastolic) measured when exercising on bicycle ergometer at 600 and 1000 kgm/min also reduced. As a result of improving the measured parameters after acclimatization to mountain environments the total body tolerance increased. A cumulative effect of the regular stay in mid-lands appears to change VO2max which did not decrease in man with age and the performance value (after i.v. Aulik classification) in the 40-49 age group subjects became very high.

[Results of long-term electrocardiographic examinations of cosmonauts]. / Rezultaty dlitel'nykh élektrokardiograficheskikh nabliudenii za kosmonavtami.

This paper is the first summary of regular electrocardiographic examinations of 21 cosmonauts who made 42 space flights during the years 1964 through 1985. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed before, during and after flight. The most common ECG abnormality recorded was extrasystolic arrhythmia that occurred very frequently during provocative tests. In long-term flights changes in the phase of ventricular repolarization were predominant due to the effects of microgravity and other fright factors. The ECG changes were transient and of insignificant prognostic value. Long after return to the Earth three cosmonauts developed ECG changes typical of myocardial infarction, hypertension or hypertension combined with latent ischemic heart disease. It is maintained that these pathologies were not caused by the exposure to space flight effects.

[Results of the clinical examination of the cosmonauts after a 63-day flight]. / Rezul'taty klinicheskogo obsledovaniia kosmonavtov posle 63-sutochnogo poleta

The cosmonauts P. I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov during their 63-day flight showed functional changes that were identical to those they demonstrated during their shorterterm flights. During the long-term mission they adapted to the weightless state better than previously. Post-flight medical examinations revealed no pathologies. The following functional changes were found: general asthenization and signs of vegetative-vascular intolerance, sensory-motor and stato-kinetic disorders, moderate muscular dystrophy of lower extremities, slight inhibition of erythropoiesis. P.I. Klimuk displayed vestibular disturbances postflight. Both cosmonauts recovered without any complications.

[Electrocardiographic examination of the crew of the 2d "Saliut-4" expedition]. / Elektrokardiograficheskoe obsledovanie ékipazha vtoroi ékspeditsii "Saliut-4"

The inflight electrocardiograms in 12 leads of the cosmonauts P.I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov showed a trend towards a decrease of the atrio-ventricular and an increase of the intraventricular conduction as well as a decrease of the T voltage. These changes seemed to be adaptive and developed as a result of the positional changes of the heart. Metabolic changes in the myocardium should not be, however, ruled out.

[Comparative evaluation of studies of the action of different levels of hypoxia on the human immunobiological status]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka issledovanii deistviia razlichnogo urovnia gipoksii na immunobiologicheskii status cheloveka

The effect of hypoxic hypoxia on the specific factors of immunity of 16 test subjects was studied during their 30-day exposure to an altitude of 2100-4200 m above the sea level in the area of the Elbrus mountain. In order to differentiate the effect of hypoxia per se from that of other factors typical of highlands, five runs of altitude chamber experiments were carried out. In each run the test subjects were 10 times lifted to altitudes of 3200 m, 4200 m and 5200 m. The chamber experiments were performed on 28 test subjects, aged 26-46. During an exposure to an altitude the test subjects did two or three times exercises of 450-900 kgm/min on a bicycle ergometer. The experimental findings show that hypoxic hypoxia brings about consistent changes in the immunobiological status of man that are directly correlated with the level of hypoxia. These changes include a decline in the acquired antiviral and antitoxic immunity activation of the autoimmune process and an increase in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Our results suggest optimal profiles of the hypoxic effect to which test subjects should be exposed during mountain training for a specific occupational activity.

[Effect of nerobol on the water-electrolyte balance and kidney function in man during 120-day hypokinesia]. / Vliianie nerobola na vodno-solevoi obmen i funktsiiu pochek cheloveka pri 120-sutochnoi gipokinezii

The influence of anabolic steroids on the fluid-electrolyte metabolism and renal function of man was studied during a prolonged bed rest experiment. Seven test subjects were kept under surveillance. Three test subjects were given nerobol and four subjects served as controls. The fluid-electrolyte metabolism and the osmoregulatory function of the kidneys were studied. Nerobol induced a decreased excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorides and osmotically active substances. Nerobol produced the most pronounced effect on the calcium and potassium metabolism. The effect of the drug used during the prolonged bed rest experiment depended on the time and dosage as well as on the state of fluid-eletrolyte metabolism and the renal function.