[Genetic diversity and mating system Pinus brutia var. Stankewiczii sukacz. in small localities of Sudak (Crimea)].

A comparative analysis of genetic variation at 12 polymorphic isozyme loci, and the mating system has been carried out in mature trees and their seed progeny in three small localities of Pinus brutia var. stankewiczii Sukacz. near the town of Sudak--settlement of Novyi Svet in the Crimea. We found that embryos maintain the same allelic diversity as mother plants but their observed heterozygosity is lower on the average by 37.4%. The significant deviation of genotype distribution from the theoretically expected ratios caused by the deficiency of heterozygotes was observed at 8 out of 12 loci. Multilocus estimate of outcrossing rate (t(m)) in populations varied from 68.9 to 94.9% making on the average 80.7%.

[Genetic variability of juniper tall (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) in the northern and southern limits of the natural distribution].

Genetic structure, subdivision and differentiation of six populations of juniper tall (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) of the Crimean Mountains and of one population in Lebanon were investigated using 18 polymorphic allozyme loci as genetic markers. The high level of genetic variability of J. excelsa was established in the northern and the southern limits of its natural habitat. The mean values of the main indicators of genetic polymorphism were: P99 = 1,000, A = 3,167, H(E) = 0,370, H(o) = 0,405. Subdivision and differentiation of populations were low (F(ST) = 0,032, D(N) = 0,026) indicating similarity of their gene pools.

[Cytogenetic abnormalities in seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the natural populations and introduction plantation].

Comparative studies of the frequency and spectrum of pathological mitosis (PM), as well as of nucleoli number in the interphase cells of seedling roots have been performed in two natural populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of Ukrainian Polesie and introduction plantation in the Donbass. Low levels of PM in the seed progeny populations (0.32-0.38%) and slightly higher in the progeny plantation (0.40%) have been installed. Number of nucleoli was slightly higher in the plants of natural populations (5.35-5.85) than that of the plantation (4.95). The frequency of PM in the offspring of low-heterozygous plants was higher (0.43%) than in highly heterozygous individuals (0.28%).

[Allozyme variation of seed embryos and mating system in relict populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the Kremenets Hill Ridge and Maloe Poles'e].

Allozyme variation at ten polymorphic loci and mating system was studied in three small isolated relict populations (4.4 to 22 ha) and in three artificial stands of Pinus sylvestris from the Kremenets Hill Ridge and Maloe Poles'e. It was established that the mean heterozygosity of 130 to 140 year-old trees from natural populations (H(O) = 0.288; H(E) = 0.277) was substantially lower, compared to 30 to 40 year-old trees from artificial stands (H(O) = 0.358; H(E) = 0.330). The observed heterozygosity of seed embryos (H(O) = 0.169 and 0.180) was substantially lower than of the mature trees from populations and artificial stands, respectively. In the embryo samples, irrespectively of the forest stand origin, substantial hetedrozygote deficiency was observed (at six to eight loci), compared to the Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The proportion of cross pollination in the populations and artificial stands was low, t(m) = 0.588 to 0.721; and t(m) = 0.455 to 0.837, respectively.

[Age dynamics of population gene pool of the Crimean pine (Pinus pallasiana D. Don) in Crimea].

Polymorphism of young (14-16 years), middle-aged (70-80 years) and old (120-150 years) plants and their seed embryos has been studied using 20 and 10 allozyme loci correspondingly in the population of Pinus pallasiana D. Don from Mountain Crimea. It was revealed that the old-aged trees had significantly lower level of expected heterozygosity than the young plants. The level of observed heterozygosity of embryos of the uneven-aged plants was slightly different among the embryo samples and significantly lower than in the samples of maternal trees. Supernumerary homozygotation of the embryos is caused by low level of cross-pollination in three studied samples of plants (t(m) = 0,537-0,637).

[Genetic polymorphism for GOT and GDH loci of Scotch pine seed embryos in the area of nitrogen emissions from the chemical enterprise].

Variability for the loci GOT and GDH of seed embryos of three subpopulations of Pinus sylvestris L. exposed to the emissions from the chemical enterprise manufacturing nitrogen fertilizers was studied during four years. The trend to heterozygosity reduction and increased occurrence of the cases of significant deviation of the distribution of genotypes from the theoretically expected one was shown.

[Genetic structure of the populations of Pallas pine (Pinus pallasiana D. Don) reforested in extreme conditions].

The paper reports on an intensive reforestation of Pallas pine (Pinus pallasiana D. Don) in post-fire sites in the native Mountainous Crimean populations and around the previously planted seed-producing trees in ore-mining dumps of the Krivoy Rog region. Self-sown progeny growing in the dump is characterized by a better growth and comes to the reproductive development phase earlier compared to that one growing in post-fire forest. Allele variability at 20 allozyme loci is less in self-sown progeny than in the native populations whereas its heterozygosity level is similar. Genetic distance (D(N)) among self-sown progenies in post-fire sites and ore-mining dump is comparable to that of the natural populations.

[Genetic polymorphism of clones and their seed progeny in the scotch pine clone plantation].

Genetic variation at 12 allozyme loci (10 of them being polymorphic ones) has been studied in the archive-clone plantation of 23 Pinus sylvestris plus-trees and their seed progeny in the south-east of Ukraine. More than a half of clones had 4-8 heterozygous loci, whereas their seed progeny was marked by a lower variation than maternal trees. Seed progeny was obtained at a high outcrossing rate (t(m) = 95%). The clone progeny was characterized by a high percentage of abnormal allele segregation in megagametophytes. There was also a high frequency of significant deviation in distribution of seed embryo genotypes from the theoretically expected one according to the Hardy-Weinberg law.

[Genetic variability of the natural populations and man-made forests of Pinus sylvestris L. from Kremenets Hills and Maloe Poles'e].

Comparative analysis of genetic variability of three relic populations and six forest stands of different age grown in Kremenets Hills and Maloye Polesye has been carried out at 19 allozyme loci. All populations and four forest stands were characterized by a low level of heterozygosity (Ho = 0.245-0.300). In two other stands it was significantly higher (H0 = 0.245-0.300). Allelic and genotypic variability of the natural populations are reproduced in the studied stands. However, genetic distance among man-made stands and populations (D(Ncp) = 0.014) is considerably higher than that among three populations (D(Ncp) = 0.003).

[Peculiarities of population-genetic structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) from Ukrainian Carpathians and Poles'e].

Genetic differences of various populations of Picea abies (L.) Karst.) have been studied basing on 20 allozyme loci variability. Two populations located in Ukrainian Carpathians (1000-1500 m above sea level) and one plain, island, and scanty population of Polesrye were compared. Despite their different high-altitude location, geographical remoteness and population size the very low genetic differentiation (DN = 0,003-0,005) was observed. Recombination variability analysis showed that populations from Carpathians in contrast to that one from Poles'ye had higher similarity level according to their diloci genotype structure.

[Genotypic peculiarities of resistance to root fungus of Scotch pine plants in artificial stands of the Ukrainian steppe-zone].

Comparative analysis of allozyme variability was carried out by 18 loci from such tree-groups as 3 Pinus sylvestris L. natural steppe populations and a sample of 36 resistant trees from artificial stands in root fungus (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.) damage centres. Resistant trees are characterized by the least portion of polymorphic allozyme loci, by allele and genotype number, and by similar to midpopulational level observed and expected heterozigosity. Resistant tree sample differed from natural populations on composition and frequencies of multi-locus genotypes Dia-1, Lap-1, Acp, which are making the most contribution to researched tree-stands subdivision.

[Genetical control of the allozymes in juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) of the Crimea].

Genetical control of nine enzyme systems has been studied in preserved juniper species (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) of the natural population of the mountain Crimea. Isozymes were extracted from the haploid seed endosperms and separated elecrophoretically. As a result 16 loci have been identified. Fourteen of them were polymorphic (14--Gdh, Got-1, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Mdh-3, Acp-1, Acp-2, Acp-3, Lap-1, Dia-1, Fdh, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3). Analysis of the allele segragation of the heterozygous trees confirmed their monogenic inheritance.

[Genetic structure of populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from Ukrainian Carpathians].

The genetic diversity, subdivision, and differentiation of nine populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Ukrainian Carpathians were studied using electrophoretic analysis of variability of enzyme systems in 346 trees aged from 80 to 150 years. Based on electrophoretic fractionation of enzymes extracted from seed endosperms in vertical slabs of 7.5% polyacrylamide gel, 20 loci of nine enzyme systems (ADH, ACP, DIA, GDH, GOT, MDH, LAP, FDH, SOD) were identified, and 71 allele variant were revealed. Each tree was heterozygous on average in 15.8% of its genes. The populations were characterized by low subdivision (F(ST) = 0.017) and differentiation (D(N)=0.005). The main contribution to heterogeneity of population genetic structure was made by loci Dia-3, Lap-1, and Sod-3. Clustering and multivariate analysis revealed no observed trends in geographical or altitudinal position of the populations.

[Comparative analysis of genetic heterogeneity of seed progenies in the isolated population of Pinus sylvestris var. cretacea Kalenicz. ex Kom. in Donbass].

The article provides the analysis of the maintenance stability of genetic structure of generatively young and middle-aged trees in seed progenies formed during two years in Donbass population of Pinus sylvestris var. cretacea Kalenicz. ex Kom. protected in Ukraine. The analysis has been carried out at 10 allozyme loci. Allele and genotype diversity of the trees is reproduced annually in seed progenies in spite of the low values of outcrossing coefficient (ts = 0,371-0,687; tm = 0,731-0,790) and significant excess of homozygotes in the embryos. Genetic structure fluctuations are observed in embryos and in the pool of paternal gametes in seed progenies of different years.

[Genetic structure, subdivision, and population differentiation in Stankewiczii pine Pinus stankewiczii (Sukacz.) Fomin from Mountain Crimea].

In order to analyze the genetic structure, subdivision and differentiation within and between two small isolated populations of the Crimea relict endemic, Pinus stankewiczii (Sukacz.) Fomin, electrophoretic analysis of the isozyme variation at nine enzymatic systems was carried out using 183 oldest trees. It was demonstrated that in populations of P. stankewiczii, 80% of the genes were in polymorphic state. Each tree was heterozygous at 19.1% loci, and at 21.6% loci in artificial 50-year-old plantation. The genetic structure of two populations was less differentiated (DN = 0.006), compared to their individual localities (DN = 0.008-0.009). Within-population subdivision of the diffusely dispersed populations was higher (FST-GST = 1.8-2.0%) than that of the populations themselves (0.8%).

[Genetic control of isozymes in European spruces (Picea abies (L) Karst) of the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains].

Genetical control of the enzymes GOT, GDH, DIA, MDH, SOD, FDH, ADH, ACP and LAP has been studied in nine natural Carpathian populations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) using polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis and analysis of isozyme variability in 346 trees. Seventy one allel products of 20 gene loci have been clearly established. Segregation analysis of the revealed allele variants confirms their monogenic inheritance.

[Age dynamics of genetic variation in an isolated population of chalk pine Pinus sylvestris var. cretacea Kalenicz. ex Kom. from Donbass].

Based on analysis of variation at ten allozyme loci in three age groups (25-35, 40-80, and more than 100 years of age) of plants and in seed embryos, demographic dynamics of the gene pools was studied in a small (60.5 ha) isolated relict population of chalk pine Pinus sylvestris var. cretacea Kalenicz. ex Kom. from the steppe zone of Ukraine. The observed grenotype proportions in these tree groups were shown to fit Hardy-Weinberg expectations, while in the embryos of their seeds, an excess of homozygotes was observed at five to nine loci. The mean observed heterozygosity in the sample of old (> 100 years of age) trees (H(O) = 0.225) was substantially lower than in trees of the two other age groups (H(O) = 0.307; 0.311), but significantly higher than in the corresponding embryo samples (H(O) = 0.183-0.207). No allele and genotype heterogeneity of the maternal trees and embryos of their seeds was found. However, heterogeneity was high when the progeny of trees of different ages, particularly in pairs with old trees, were compared.

[Analysis of genetic heterogenicity of seed embryos in trees characterized by different seed productivity in Crimean population of Pinus pallasiana D. Don].

A comparative analysis of allozyme variability has been conducted for 10 polymorphic loci of samples of seeds and maternal plants characterized by significant differencies in productivity of empty and full-grained seeds in Pinus pallasiana D. Don population in Crimea. It has been determined that allele diversity is fully reproduced in seed progeny of plants of distinguished samples. However, their genetic structure is deviated because of heterozygote deficiency.

[Genetic variation and differentiation of Abies alba Mill. populations from Ukrainian Carpathians].

Using electrophoretic analysis of 11 enzyme systems, we studied the genetic structure and differentiation of eight natural populations of silver fir Abies alba Mill. in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Of 24 isozyme loci identified, 66.8% proved to be polymorphic. The mean numbers of alleles and genotypes per locus in the populations were respectively 3.1 and 4.5. Each A. alba tree was on average heterozygous at 15.9% of genes. In six populations, the genotypic distribution for all of the loci examined corresponded to Hardy-Weinberg proportions. The populations studied had low levels of subdivision (F(ST) = 0.018; GST = 0.019) and differentiation. Nei's genetic distances between the A. alba populations in the region ranged from 0.002 to 0.009, being on average 0.006.

[Population-genetic variation in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. from the main forest regions of Ukraine].

Using electrophoretic analysis of 22 isozyme loci controlling ten enzyme systems, we studied intrapopulation and interpopulation variation of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. in the main forest regions of Ukraine. In 15 of the populations examined, 76.5% of genes were polymorphic, and an average plant was shown to be heterozygous at 23.4% of the genes. The lowest and highest values of major polymorphism parameters were characteristic of respectively the relic populations of Ukrainian Carpathians and the populations from the steppe and forest-steppe zones. Nei's genetic distances between the populations varied from 0.006 to 0.031 (on average 0.016). Cluster analysis failed to show clear trends in the population distribution relative to their geographical position.