Pneumatization of crista galli in pre-adult and adult stages / Neumatización de la crista galli en etapas pre adultas y adultas

The sinonasal region in humans is one of the regions that commonly shows anatomical variations. These variations can be easily diagnosed by paranasal CT evaluation. One of these variations is Crista galli pneumatization. In recent years, there have been opinions supporting the hypothesis that pneumatization originates from the frontal sinus. In this study, we planned to evaluate whether the presence of Crista galli pneumatization varied in pre-adult and adult periods. In this retrospectively designed study, 218 coronal paranasal CT images collected between 2012 and 2013 were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups according to age under or over 18 years. In the group under the age of 18 (97 cases), pneumatization was detected in 2.1 % of samples, while in the group over the age of 18 (121 cases), crista galli pneumatization was observed in 15.7 % of samples. According to these results, crista galli pneumatization was found to increase in adulthood. Considering that the frontal sinus is in a rudimentary state at birth, it is radiographically detected first at 6 years of age, and reaches its main size in puberty, this increase in pneumatization runs parallel to the development of the frontal sinus. Consequently, this supports the opinion that crista galli pneumatization originates from the frontal sinus.

La región nasosinusal en los seres humanos con frecuencia muestran variaciones anatómicas. Estas variaciones se pueden diagnosticar fácilmente mediante la evaluación por tomografía computadorizada (TC) de los senos paranasales. Una de estas variaciones es la neumatización de la Crista galli. En los últimos años, se ha apoyado la hipótesis de que ésta neumatización se origina en el seno frontal. En este estudio fue evaluada la presencia de neumatización de la Crista galli y su posible variación en los períodos pre-adultos y adultos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo donde se evaluaron 218 imágenes de TC coronal de senos paranasales, recogidas entre 2012 y 2013. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos según la edad, menores o mayores de 18 años. En el grupo de menores de 18 años (97 casos), se detectó neumatización en el 2,1 % de las muestras, mientras que en el grupo de mayores de 18 (121 casos), se observó neumatización de la Crista galli en el 15,7 % de las muestras. De acuerdo con estos resultados, la neumatización de la Crista galli aumenta en la edad adulta. Teniendo en cuenta que el seno frontal se encuentra en un estado rudimentario en el nacimiento, se detecta radiográficamente a los 6 años de edad alcanzando su tamaño principal en la pubertad; este aumento de la neumatización es paralelo al desarrollo del seno frontal. En consecuencia, esto apoya la opinión de que la neumatización de la Crista galli se origina en el seno frontal.

Silibinin attenuates methotrexate-induced pulmonary injury by targeting oxidative stress.

The aim of the present study was to assess the protective effect of silibinin against methotrexate (MTX)-induced pulmonary toxicity. Rats were divided into four groups (MTX, MTX + silibinin, silibinin and control. MTX was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) into female Wistar rats (10 mg/kg/day for 3 days), which resulted in significant increases in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and oxidant enzymes, including nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase. Furthermore, significant reductions were detected in the serum activity levels of the antioxidative enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, when compared with the control group. However, administration of silibinin (100 mg/kg/day for 10 days, i.p.) was shown to ameliorate the MTX-induced pulmonary toxicity, as indicated by the normalization of the oxidative stress parameters. Furthermore, silibinin treatment was demonstrated to reduce the histopathological changes associated with MTX. In conclusion, silibinin exhibited protective effects against MTX-induced pulmonary toxicity, which may be attributed to its antioxidant activity.

Evaluation of the vertebral artery by 3D digital subtraction angiography / Evaluación de la arteria vertebral mediante angiografía por sustracción digital 3D

The objective of the present study is to determine origin, entry level to the transverse foramen and diameter according to sex and side through 3D angiographic images of seventy-nine vertebral arteries obtained using DSA imaging method. During radiological evaluation, axial, coronal and sagittal images of the artery were used. Data of our study was uploaded to SPSS 14.0 program and significance test and Mann Whitney-U test of the difference between two means were used to evaluate the data. While 76 of the vertebral arteries (96.2%) were originating from the subclavian artery, 3 of them (3.8%) were directly originating from aortic arch. In 67 of 76 the vertebral arteries originating from the subclavian artery were entering through C6, 6 through C7, 2 through C5 and one through C4 transverse foramen. It was seen that one of 3 the vertebral artery originating from aortic arch was entering through C6, one through C7 and the other through C4 transverse foramen. While the mean diameter of the vertebral artery was 3.88±0.71 mm at the right side (3.99 mm in men, 3.66 mm in women), the mean diameter at the left side was 4.15±1.05 mm (4.23 mm in men, 4.06 mm in women).

El objetivo fue determinar el origen, nivel de entrada y diámetro del foramen transverso, en función del sexo y lado sobre 79 arterias vertebrales a través de imágenes angiográficas 3D utilizando el método de formación de imágenes DSA. Durante la evaluación radiológica, se utilizaron imágenes axiales, coronales y sagitales de la arteria. Los datos se procesaron en el programa SPSS 14.0 con las pruebas U de Mann Whitney y de significancia para evaluar la diferencia entre los datos. Mientras que 76 de las arterias vertebrales (96,2%) se originaron de la arteria subclavia, 3 de ellas (3,8%) lo hicieron directamente desde el arco aórtico. En 67 de 76 arterias vertebrales, se observó el origin en la arteria subclavia a través de C6; 6 a través de C7, 2 a través de C5 y una a través del foramen transverso en C4. El diámetro medio de la arteria vertebral fue 3,88±0,71 mm en el lado derecho (3,99 mm en hombres y 3,66 mm en mujeres) y en el lado izquierdo fue 4,15±1,05 mm (4,23 mm en hombres y 4,06 mm en hombres).

Determination of lateral ventricle and brain volume in children with stereological method using MRI / Determinación del volumen del ventrículo lateral y del cerebro en niños utilizando el método estereológico mediante RNM

Although brain development is most active during the intrauterina period of life, the processes of myelination and arborization affect the structure of the brain throughout childhood and adolescence. Brain development is also very active in the early years of a child's life, and continues to be so for approximately 15 years after gestation. Volumetric changes in the brain are effected by sex. Understanding the variability of human brain volume during development is important for the interpretation of childhood neuroimaging studies. Hence the aim of this study is to determine the effects of sex difference on brain volume (BV), lateral ventricle volume (LV) and the ratio of brain volume and lateral ventricle volumes as a percentage (RLBV%) of 90 healthy children between the ages of 6-17 according to their sex with MRI. These children were divided into three age groups of 6-9, 10-13 and 14-17 also BV, LV were calculated using the Cavalieri principle, which is classified as a stereological method and than RLBV% were calculated. Results: The BV of age group 6-9 was significantly smaller than the other two age groups (P < 0.05). General average BV of the age group 10-13 was higher than the other two age groups but this difference is insignificant. When the groups were compared according to sex, there was no important difference between girls and boys (P > 0.05). General average LV of the age group 6-9 was higher than the other two age groups but this difference insignificant. Moreover there was no sex difference. This study was presented that BV was continued to increase until the ages 10-13 for both of the genders. While LV was increased until the ages 10-13 for boys, it was had a negative relationship with changes of BV for girls.

Aunque el desarrollo del cerebro es más activo durante el período de la vida intrauterina, los procesos de mielinización y arborización afectan a la estructura del cerebro durante la infancia y la adolescencia. El desarrollo del cerebro es activo en los primeros años de la vida, y sigue siendo así durante unos 15 años después de la gestación. Cambios volumétricos en el cerebro son afectados según el sexo. La comprensión de la variabilidad del volumen del cerebro humano durante el desarrollo es importante para la interpretación de los estudios de neuroimagen en la infancia. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar, a través de resonancia nuclear magnética, los efectos de las diferencias de sexo en el volumen cerebral (VC), en el volumen del ventrículo lateral (VL) y la relación porcentual de los volúmenes del cerebro y del ventrículo lateral (% VLVC) de 90 niños sanos entre 6-17 años de edad, en ambos sexos. Los niños fueron divididos en tres grupos de edad: 6-9, 10-13 y 14-17. El VC y el VL se calcularon utilizando el principio de Cavalieri, además de la relación porcentual RLBV. El VC del grupo 6-9 años fue significativamente menor que el de los otros dos grupos (p <0,05). El promedio del BC del grupo 10-13 años fue superior a los otros dos grupos de edad, pero esta diferencia fue mínima. Cuando se compararon los grupos en cuanto al sexo, no hubo diferencia entre niños y niñas (P> 0,05). El promedio general del grupo VL de 6-9 años fue mayor que los otros dos, sin diferencia significativa entre ambos sexos. El VC siguió aumentando hasta los 10-13 años en ambos sexos. Mientras LV aumentó hasta los 10-13 años de edad en los niños, se observó en las niñas una relación negativa con cambios de BV.

The efficacy of bevacizumab, sorafenib, and retinoic acid on rat endometriosis model.

Blood vessels are necessary for development and maintenance of the endometriosis and blood flow supplies oxygen and essential nutrient to the disease. Local angiogenesis is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibitors of VEGF may be a novel therapeutic approach. We inducted endometriosis in 43 rats and they were randomly allocated into 4 groups. The rats in group I (control n = 11) were given no medication. The rats in group II (n = 11) were given bevacizumab. The rats in group III (n = 11) were given Sorafenib, and the rats in group IV (n = 10) were given retinoic acid (RA). Then groups were compared for microvessel density, VEGF, soluble tyrosine-kinase receptor, ovarian reserve, and treatment effectivity. All these medications were effective on endometriosis and we detected that volume of endometriotic implants were significantly decreased. Ovarian reserve was not affected from the medication, in addition RA have induced reproductive capacity.

Analysis of ethmoid roof and skull base with coronal section paranasal sinus computed tomography.

Chronic paranasal sinus disease is one of the most common causes of application to physicians in pediatric and adult patients. In the surgical treatment of these diseases, endoscopic sinus surgery is an application that is often done to increase the quality of the patient's life. On account of this, the anatomic variations in skull basement must be well known to avoid possible major complications that may occur during the operation. Recent developments in paranasal sinus surgery also enhanced the need for examining exhaustively the anatomy of this region and existing pathology. Superiority of computed tomography (CT) has an unquestionable importance for the evaluation of anatomic structure and pathology compared with conventional radiographs. A likely anatomic knowledge is needed for a safe surgery. Before the surgery, determining the anatomic variations makes the operation safer and increases the prospects, so we can prevent complications that may occur during the surgery. In this study, CT coronal sections of 300 patients who were admitted to the Department of Ear Nose Throat of Medical Faculty of Cumhuriyet University Research and Training Hospital between the dates December 2008 and January 2011 with complaints of nasal flow and postnasal drip were studied. According to coronal section CT examinations, the patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1, with 156 cases (64%), showed mucosal changes, and in 144 cases (36%), no mucosal changes were established (group 2). In comparison between the sexes, in groups 1 and 2 females, significant difference was determined for other parameters except the average height of the ethmoid roof. In the comparison between the sexes, in groups 1 and 2 males, significant difference was determined for all parameters. The difference between these 2 rates was statistically significant. Keros types 1 and 2 cases were compared with the control group, and there was no statistically significant difference. Notwithstanding, at the comparison of the Keros type 3 with the control group, there was a statistically significant difference for all the parameters (maximum orbital height, the length of the middle concha, and the nasal wall). It seems to be important for us to know the average length of the peripheral anatomic structures to avoid serious complications that may occur during the operation. Careful preoperative review of paranasal sinus CT scans in patients undergoing sinus surgery seems to be the most important to prevent severe intraoperative complications.

Diploe thickness and cranial dimensions in males and females in mid-Anatolian population: an MRI study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is the classification of the thickness of diploe and dimensions of cranium at different points of cranium in men and women according to age groups. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In the radiology archive, measurements were made at different points in magnetic resonance (MR) images of 305 (188 females and 117 males) patients, the average ages of whom were 40.98±20.44 (age range: 4-90) and who had no disorder of the bones. To determine diploe thickness, midfrontal, back and front bregma, lambda, opisthocranion and euryon points were used in the measurement. As for the determination of cranial volume, distances between glabella-opisthocranion, basion-vertex, basion-opisthion, euryon-euryon, nasion-basion, nasion-bregma, bregma-lambda and lambda-opisthocranion were measured. The data were loaded to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 program. T-test, Mann-Whitney U, Pearson correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis were used in the statistical assessment. Results with a p value smaller than 0.05 were accepted as significant. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between age and diploe thickness in all measurement points. The diploe thickness was also increased with age (p<0.05). In all points, average diploe thickness was higher in age 61 and over than the other groups (p<0.001). At the same time, diploe thickness in parietal bones was lower than frontal and occipital bones in both sexes. According to craniometric results cranium in males was bigger (p<0.001). While the distance between glabella-opisthocranion increased in both sexes aged 61 and over, basion-vertex height decreased in women in the same group (p<0.05). Interestingly, there was no meaningful statistical difference among age groups in terms of maximum cranial width (p>0.05). Foramen magnum length decreased related to age in both men and women (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These results related to diploe thickness and cranium dimension may be leading in the determination of sex and age; surgical interventions to the cranium and bone graft choice may increase the reliability of the operation.

Abdominal Blockage of Iliohypogastric and Ilio-inguinal Nerves for Management of Post-Caesarean Pain: A Novel Method

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare pain relief after caesarean section achieved by an intra-abdominal iliohypogastric and ilio-inguinal (IHII) nerve block with levobupivacaine with that in patients given a placebo. Study design. A total of 60 healthy women scheduled for caesarean delivery under general anaesthesia were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomised to an abdominal IHII nerve block with levobupivacaine (levobupivacaine group) or administration of saline (placebo group). Instead of the classic percutaneous method; the block was administered intra-operatively from the peritoneal aspect. Scores on a visual analogue scale (VAS) at 2; 6; 12 and 24 hours; adverse effects; morphine consumption and success of blockage by a pinprick test were recorded.Results. In the levobupivacaine group; the pinprick test showed there to be successful bilateral block in 22 patients and unilateral block in 5; while the block failed in 3. No block was recorded in the placebo group. When morphine consumption at 12 and 24 hours were compared; consumption was found to be significantly low for both time points in the levobupivacaine group. VAS scores 2; 6 and 12 hours after the operation were also significantly lower in the levobupivacaine group.Conclusion. A block of the IHII nerves from inside the abdomen just before abdominal closure appears to be an effective and safe way of relieving pain after caesarean section

Elongated styloid process associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

This article presents a case with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) and an elongated styloid process. Basal cell carcinoma syndrome, also known as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome manifested by multiple defects involving the skin, nervous system, eyes, endocrine system, and bones. Elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament cause craniofacial or cervical pain. The actual cause of elongation of the styloid process or the calcification of the stylohyoid ligament is unclear. The cause of elongation of styloid process in this case may be the calcification induced by NBCCS. This report is the first case presentation of NBCCS with elongated styloid process. Elongated styloid process might be described as an anomaly of an NBCCS.