Impact of nutritional status on prognosis in acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition affects the prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been a major cause of death around the world. Thus, we investigated the impact of malnutrition as defined by Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) on mortality in AMI patients. METHODS: In 268 consecutive AMI patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), associations between all-cause death and baseline characteristics including malnutrition (GNRI < 92.0) and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients died after PCI. Mortality was higher in the 51 malnourished patients than in the 217 non-malnourished patients, both within 1 month after PCI (p < 0.001) and beyond 1 month after PCI (p = 0.017). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression modelling using age, left ventricular ejection fraction and GRACE risk score showed malnutrition correlated significantly with all-cause death within 1 month after PCI (hazard ratio [HR] 7.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.30-21.51; p < 0.001) and beyond 1 month after PCI (HR 3.10; 95% CI 1.70-8.96; p = 0.037). There were no significant differences in area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve between GRACE risk score and GNRI for predicting all-cause death within 1 month after PCI (0.90 vs. 0.81; p = 0.074) or beyond 1 month after PCI (0.69 vs. 0.71; p = 0.87). Calibration plots comparing actual and predicted mortality confirmed that GNRI (p = 0.006) was more predictive of outcome than GRACE risk score (p = 0.85) beyond 1 month after PCI. Furthermore, comparison of p-value for interaction of malnutrition and GRACE risk score for all-cause death within 1 month after PCI, beyond 1 month after PCI, and the full follow-up period after PCI were p = 0.62, p = 0.64 and p = 0.38, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: GNRI may have a potential for predicting the mortality in AMI patients especially in beyond 1 month after PCI, separate from GRACE risk score. Assessment of nutritional status may help stratify the risk of AMI mortality.

The Priority of Non-HDL-C Assessment to Predict New Lesions among Stable Angina Patients with Strong Statins.

AIM: In this study, we aim to examine the clinical meaning of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ＜70 mg/dL as assessed by Friedewald equation [LDL-C (F)] and Martin method [LDL-C (M)] and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ＜100 mg/dL on the occurrence of new lesions among Japanese patients with stable angina who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and were prescribed with strong statins. METHODS: Among the 537 consecutive stable angina patients who had underwent PCI and had been prescribed with strong statins, the association between the occurrence of new lesions with myocardial ischemia at the 9-month follow-up coronary angiography and ≤ 2 years after PCI and baseline characteristics were assessed. RESULTS: New lesions appeared 9 months and ≤ 2 years after PCI in 31 and 90 patients, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed diabetes mellitus (DM) was significantly associated with the occurrence of new lesions ≤ 2 years after PCI [odds ratio (OR) 1.71, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.06-2.83, p=0.031], and only non-HDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL was associated with the occurrence of new lesions both at 9 months and ≤ 2 years after PCI [OR 1.80, 95 % CI 1.10-3.00, p=0.021 and OR 1.85, 95 % CI 1.13-3.07, p=0.016]. CONCLUSIONS: Non-HDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL was determined to be the independent risk factor for the occurrence of new lesions 9 months and ≤ 2 years after PCI among stable angina patients with strong statins. Residual risk after PCI should be considered by assessing not only DM but also non-HDL-C beyond the scope of LDL-C-lowering therapy with strong statins.

Use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with an increase in adverse cardiovascular events in patients with hemodialysis: Insight from the kids registry.

BACKGROUND: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are known to increase the risk of mortality and cardiovascular events in the general population. However, in patients with maintenance hemodialysis, PPI effects are under investigated. METHODS: We analyzed the risk of PPIs for cardiovascular events using the Kagoshima Dialysis (KIDS) registry, a prospective, multicenter, observational study in patients with maintenance hemodialysis in Japan. RESULTS: In all, 531 patients were enrolled from June 2015 to December 2018. One-year follow-up data were available for 376 patients (Use of PPIs at baseline (PPI group): 217 patients and without PPIs (No PPI group): 159 patients). The incidence of a composite outcome (all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke) was higher in patients in the PPI group than the No PPI group (15.2% vs. 4.4%; hazard ratio (HR): 3.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.61-8.23, P = 0.002). In the multivariate analysis, even after adjustment for covariates, the use of PPIs was an independent risk factor for a composite outcome (HR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02-5.54, P = 0.045). We performed propensity score matching analysis as a sensitivity analysis, showing a consistent result. The incidence of bleeding showed no difference between the two groups (15.7% vs. 11.3%; HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 0.83-2.59, P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the use of PPIs in patients with maintenance hemodialysis might increase mortality and cardiovascular events without decreasing the risk of bleeding. Therefore, it should always be analyzed if a patient truly needs PPIs.

Malnutrition and Clopidogrel Non-Use Worsen Prognosis of Critical Limb Ischemia Patients After Revascularization.

Background: Critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients have high risk for major adverse cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. This study investigated the risk factors of cerebrovascular or cardiovascular death in CLI patients with concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and Results: The association between baseline characteristics and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular death ≤2 years after revascularization for CLI was investigated in 137 CLI patients who previously underwent successful revascularization for CAD before treatment for CLI. Twenty-three patients (17%) died. Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) in the deceased group (DG) was significantly lower than in the surviving group (SG). On Cox proportional hazard multivariate analysis, hemodialysis (HD) and malnutrition (defined as GNRI <92) were significantly associated with cerebrovascular or cardiovascular death. Also, on Kaplan-Meier analysis, survival rate was significantly lower in CLI patients with either malnutrition or HD compared with patients without either malnutrition or HD, respectively. Furthermore, clopidogrel was less used in the DG than in the SG. The use of clopidogrel was associated with cerebrovascular or cardiovascular death. Especially, non-use of clopidogrel in the malnutrition group further increased the correlation with cerebrovascular or cardiovascular death. Conclusions: Malnutrition is a crucial risk factor for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular death in CLI patients with CAD. Nutritional status intervention and use of clopidogrel may be an important strategy for CLI.

Validity of a Novel Method for Estimating Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Cardiovascular Disease Patients Treated with Statins.

AIM: The Friedewald equation is the standard method for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels [LDL-C(F)] and fixes the ratio of triglyceride (TG) to very LDL-C at 5. However, this has been reported to underestimate LDL-C, particularly in patients with LDL-C ＜70 mg/dL. A novel method for LDL-C estimation [LDL-C(M)] using an adjustable factor instead of a fixed value of 5 has recently been proposed. The purpose of this study was to validate LDL-C(M) in Japanese patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) treated with statins. METHODS: In 385 consecutive CVD patients treated with statins, LDL-C(M) and LDL-C(F) levels were compared with directly measured LDL-C [LDL-C(D)]. RESULTS: Mean LDL-C(D), LDL-C(F), and LDL-C(M) were 81.7±25.5, 76.4±24.6, and 79.9±24.5 mg/dL, respectively. In all patients, both LDL-C(F) and LDL-C(M) were significantly correlated with LDL-C(D) [LDL-C(F) vs. LDL-C(D): R=0.974, p＜0.001; LDL-C(M) vs. LDL-C(D): R=0.987, p＜0.001]. In patients with LDL-C(D) ＜70 mg/dL, LDL-C(M) showed a better correlation with LDLC(D) compared with LDL-C(F) [LDL-C(M) vs. LDL-C(D): R=0.935, p＜0.001; LDL-C(F) vs. LDLC(D): R=0.868, p＜0.001]. In contrast, the correlation of LDL-C(D) with LDL-C(M) or LDL-C(F) was similar in patients with LDL-C(D) ≥70 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: In Japanese patients with CVD treated with statins, LDL-C level estimated by this novel method might be more accurate than those estimated using the Friedewald equation for LDL-C levels ＜70 mg/dL.

Prospective Study on the Incidence of Cerebrovascular Disease After Coronary Angiography.

AIM: Previous studies have reported a 10.2%-22% rate of silent cerebral infarction and a 0.1%-1% rate of symptomatic cerebral infarction after coronary angiography (CAG). However, the risk factors of cerebral infarction after CAG have not been fully elucidated. For this reason, we investigated the incidence and risk factors of CVD complications within 48 h after CAG using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Diffusion-weighted MRI) at Kagoshima University Hospital. METHODS: From September 2013 to April 2015, we examined the incidence and risk factors, including procedural data and patients characteristics, of cerebrovascular disease after CAG in consecutive 61 patients who underwent CAG and MRI in our hospital. RESULTS: Silent cerebral infarction after CAG was observed in 6 cases (9.8%), and they should not show any neurological symptoms of cerebral infarction. Only prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was more frequently found in the stroke group (n=6) than that in the non-stroke group (n=55); however, no significant difference was observed (P=0.07). After adjusting for confounders, prior CABG was a significant independent risk factor for the incidence of stroke after CAG (odds ratio: 11.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.14-129.8, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: We suggested that the incidence of cerebral infarction after CAG was not related to the catheterization procedure per se but may be caused by atherosclerosis with CABG.

Attenuated early diastolic interventricular septum bulging by pulmonary hypertension due to later developed aortic regurgitation.

A woman was admitted due to dyspnea. She had familial pulmonary arterial hypertension and typical echocardiographic findings including early diastolic bulging of the interventricular septum toward the left ventricular cavity. Her symptoms improved with medication. Five months later, she was hospitalized again due to severe dyspnea. Echocardiography demonstrated aortic valve vegetation and its regurgitation. Echocardiography also showed attenuation of early diastolic compression of the interventricular septum, however, the peak tricuspid regurgitant flow velocity did not improve. It is likely that development of left-sided heart failure attenuated abnormal interventricular septal motion due to pulmonary hypertension.

Impact of angiographic peri-stent contrast staining (PSS) on late adverse events after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: an observation from the multicenter j-Cypher registry PSS substudy.

This study sought to assess clinical significance of angiographic peri-stent contrast staining (PSS) after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation in a large multicenter study with 5-year follow-up. The j-Cypher PSS substudy is a multicenter study including 5712 patients (7838 lesions) who underwent follow-up angiographic study within 12 months after SES implantation. Late acquired PSS was observed in 184 patients (3.2 %) or 194 lesions (2.5 %). Independent risk factors of PSS were chronic total occlusion and left anterior descending artery lesion, while negative risk factors were in-stent restenosis, diabetes mellitus, ≥70 years of age, and left circumflex coronary artery lesion. Cumulative incidence of definite very late stent thrombosis (VLST) at 4 years after the index follow-up angiography in lesions with PSS was significantly higher than that in lesions without PSS (5.3 versus 0.7 %, P < 0.0001). Late target-lesion revascularization (TLR) was also more frequently observed in the PSS group (13 versus 6.9 %, P = 0.01), while late TLR for restenosis excluding those TLR procedures for VLST tended to be higher in the PSS group (9.9 versus 6.3 %; P = 0.15). PSS found in 2.5 % of lesions within 12 months after SES implantation was associated with higher risk for subsequent VLST.

Cardiac tamponade due to rupture of coronary artery fistula to the coronary sinus with giant aneurysm of coronary artery: usefulness of transthoracic echocardiography.

A 68-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of back pain and syncope. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, a collapsed right ventricle, a giant aneurysm connected to the coronary sinus, a dilated left main trunk coronary artery, and a dilated left circumflex artery (LCx). Furthermore, there was a coronary artery fistula arising from the LCx that drained into the coronary sinus. We diagnosed cardiac tamponade due to rupture of the coronary artery fistula or giant aneurysm, and successful emergency surgery was performed. Rupture of coronary artery aneurysm or coronary artery fistula is very rare. Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography was very useful in our case for the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade, giant coronary aneurysm, and coronary artery fistula.