ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTICS AND NEWEST PATHOGENESIS ASPECTS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DYSFUNCTION (REVIEW).

The research was predisposed for a progressing increase in incidence of the temporomandibular joint dysfunction, low effectiveness of traditional treatment as well as the necessity of implementation of high-effective etiopathogenetic therapy methods. The necessity of systematizing diagnostics and treatment planning is evident, considering the cause-effect mechanisms of the disease initiation and complex individual approach, required for improving the effectiveness of prevention and pathogenetic therapy in early rehabilitation of the patients with the temporomandibular dysfunction, The visualization model will provide for planning certain treatment stages using a virtual system, synchronizing and combining them with the modern methods of the prosthetic construction fabrication, which will represent a new quality stage of stomatological treatment. The chosen theme is not only of multidisciplinary medical importance, but of the social one as well. The wide coverage of the theme in stomatological sources evidences about urgency of searching for the new diagnostic sources and treatment methods and proves actuality of the topic. The article presents urgent aspects of the temporomandibular dysfunction development pathogenetic mechanisms, depicts new methods of diagnostics and early clinical manifestations, reviewed by the Ukrainian and foreign scientists over the previous 10 years.

[DIAGNOSTICS OF POSITION OF THE MOTOR AND TRIGGER POINTS: OF THE CHEWING MUSCLES FOR ZYGOMATIC COMPLEX FRACTURES].

Existing treatment methods of zygomatic complex fractures, which are complicated by contrac- ture of the masseter as a result of displaced bone fragments, have to be improved. Lack of muscle relaxation leads to the formation of local hypertonicity. In spasmodic muscle fibers varies perfusion and hypoxia occurs, which is accompanied by the release of inflammatory mediators and activation of pain receptors. Over time, areas formed local hypertonicity specific trigger points that contain multiple sensory loci and include one or more sensitive nerve endings. A device for the effective electromyographic study of masseters as a source of their condition and the dynamics of changes in masticatory muscles during patient treatment by improving the fixation system on the face of the patient and the introduction of more perfect spatial coordinate system for mathematical calculations masseter motor position (or triggered) point. Patients were examined before and in the dynamics of treatment according to our methodology, which included proper masseter relaxation, reposition and fixation of bone fragments and further medical therapy.

Is there any chlorine monoxide in the stratosphere?

A ground-based search for stratospheric chlorine monoxide was carried out during May and October 1981 with an infrared heterodyne spectrometer in the solar absorption mode. Lines due to stratospheric nitric acid and tropospheric carbonyl sulfide were detected at about 0.2 percent absorptance levels, but the expected 0.1 percent lines of chlorine monoxide in this same region were not seen. Stratospheric chlorine monoxide is less abundant by at least a factor of 7 than is indicated by in situ measurements, and the upper limit for the integrated vertical column density of chlorine monoxide is 2.3 x 10(13) molecules per square centimeter at the 95 percent confidence level. These results imply that the release of chlorofluorocarbons may be significantly less important for the destruction of stratospheric ozone than is currently thought.

Tunable diode-laser heterodyne spectrometer for remote observations near 8 microm.

A diode-laser based ultrahigh resolution IR heterodyne spectrometer for laboratory and field use has been developed for operation between 7.5 and 8.5 microm. The local oscillator is a PbSe tunable diode laser kept continuously at operating temperatures of 12-60 K using a closed-cycle cooler. The laser output frequency is controlled and stabilized using a high-precision diode current supply, constant temperature controller, and a shock isolator mounted between the refrigerator cold tip and the diode mount. The system largely employs reflecting optics to minimize losses from internal reflection and absorption and to eliminate chromatic effects. Spectral analysis of the diode-laser output between 0 and 1 GHz reveals excess noise at many diode current settings, which limits the IR spectral regions over which useful heterodyne operation can be achieved. Observations have been made of atmospheric N(2)O, O(3), and CH(4) between 1170 and 1200 cm(-1) using both a single-frequency swept IF channel and a 64-channel rf spectral line receiver with a total IF coverage of 1600 MHz.

Discovery of natural gain amplification in the 10-micrometer carbon dioxide laser bands on Mars: a natural laser.

Fully resolved intensity profiles of various lines in the carbon dioxide band at 10.4 micrometers have been measured on Mars with an infrared heterodyne spectrometer. Analysis of the line shapes shows that the Mars atmosphere exhibits positive gain in these lines. The detection of natural optical gain amplification enables identification of these lines as a definite natural laser.

Precision measurements of NH(3) spectral lines near 11 microm using the infrared heterodyne technique.

Absolute line-center frequencies for eleven lines of ammonia in near coincidence with CO(2)-laser transitions have been determined to accuracies of +/-3 MHz by infrared heterodyne detection. These results were obtained by heterodyning a blackbody with a stable, grating-tuned CO(2) gas laser. A discussion of the apparatus and method of calculation, including error analysis, is presented. With these accurately determined line-center positions, the ammonia molecule will be a useful secondary-frequency standard for diode-laser spectroscopy in the 11-microm wavelength region.

Sensitivity limits of an infrared heterodyne spectrometer for astrophysical applications.

The sensitivity of an ideal heterodyne spectrometer approaches the quantum detection limit provided the local oscillator power is sufficiently large and the shot noise dominates all other sources of noise. The postintegration minimum-detectable-number of photons/sec for an ideal heterodyne system is (B/tau)((1/2)), where B is the IF bandwidth, and tau is the integration time. For astronomical observations, however, a number of factors (Delta(i)) tend to degrade the sensitivity, a fact that becomes significant particularly when the laser power is insufficient. A discussion and an evaluation of the degradation in sensitivity are given for a heterodyne spectrometer employing a HgCdTe photodiode mixer and tunable diode lasers. The minimum detectable source brightness is considered as a function of the mixer parameters, transmission coefficient of the beam splitter, and local oscillator emission powers. The degradation in the minimum detectable line source brightness that results from the bandwidth being a fraction of the line width is evaluated and plotted as a function of the wavelength and bandwidth for various temperature to mass ratios. It is shown that the minimum achievable degradation [pi(i)(Delta(i))] in the sensitivity of a practical astronomical heterodyne spectrometer is ~30. Estimates of SNR's with which ir line emission from astronomical sources of interest may be detected are given.

Infrared upconversion for astronomical applications.

The performance of an upconversion system is examined for observation of astronomical sources in the low to middle ir spectral range. Theoretical values for the performance parmeters of an upconversion system for astronomical observations are evaluated in terms of the conversion efficiencies, spectral resolution, field of view minimum detectable source brightness, and source flux. Experimental results of blackbody measurements and molecular absorption spectrum measurements using a lithium niobate upconverter with an argon-ion laser as the pump are presented. Estimates are given of the expected optimum sensitivity of an upconversion device that may be built with presently available components.